Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KLowe Anesthesia Physiology 1: Respiratory > Lecture 2: Mechanics Of Respiration > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Mechanics Of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 goals of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Distribute air and blood flow for gas exchange
  2. Provide oxygen to cells in body tissues
  3. Remove carbon dioxide from body
  4. Maintain constant homeostasis for metabolic needs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four functional events of respiration?

A
  1. Mechanics of pulmonary ventilation
  2. Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood
  3. Transport of O2 and CO2 to and from tissues
  4. Regulation of ventilation and respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is EXTERNAL respiration?

A
  • Mechanics of breathing
  • Movement of gases into and out of body
  • Gas transfer from lungs to tissues of body
  • Maintain body cellular homeostasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is INTERNAL respiration?

A
  • Intracellular oxygen metabolism
  • Cellular transformation
  • Krebs cycle—aerobic ATP generation
  • Mitochondria and O2 utilization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the main purpose of ventilation?

A

To maintain an optimal composition of alveolar gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alveolar gas acts as a ___ ___ ___ between the ___ and ___.

A
  • stabilizing buffer compartment

- between the environment and pulmonary capillary blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does alveolar gas act as a stabilizing buffer compartment? (3 things)

A
  • Oxygen is constantly removed from alveolar gas by blood
  • Carbon dioxide continuously added to alveoli from blood
  • O2 replenished and CO2 removed by process of ventilation, by simple diffusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What provides the stable alveolar environment?

A

The two ventilation phases—inspiration and expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Breathing is the act of ___

A

Creating inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lung alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How much does the lung weigh?

A
  • 1.5% of body weight

- 1 kg in 70 kg adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Alveolar tissue is ___ of lung weight

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alveoli have ___

A

Very large surface area—40x the external body surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___ diffusion pathway for gases

A

Short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the short diffusion pathway for gases permit?

A

Permits rapid and efficient gas exchange into blood—only 1.5 micrometers between the air and alveolar capillary RBC (very thin layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the blood volume in the lung?

A

500 mL (10% of total blood volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Respiratory muscles generate ___ to inflate and deflate the lungs

A

Force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are two things that impede ventilation?

A

Tissue elastance and resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are two other factors that alter lung volumes?

A
  • Distribution of air movement within the lung, resistance within the airway
  • Overcoming surface tension within alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Air flow requires ___

A

A pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Air flows from ___ to ___ pressures

A

High to low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

During inspiration, alveolar pressure is ___

A

Sub-atmospheric, allowing air flow into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During expiration, alveolar pressure is ___

A

Higher than atmospheric pressure, allowing airflow out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What generates changes in alveolar pressure?

A

Changes in pleural pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Inspiration is the ___ phase of the breathing cycle

A

ACTIVE phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What nerves transmit motor stimulation to the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve—C3, 4, 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What nerves send signals to the external intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal nerves T1-T11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe what happens during inhalation (4 main things)

A
  • Thoracic cavity expands to lower pressure (to sub-atmospheric) in pleural space surrounding the lungs
  • Pressure in alveolar ducts/alveoli decreases
  • Fresh air flows through conducting airways into terminal air spaces until pressures are equalized
  • Lungs expand passively as pleural pressure falls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The act of inhaling is ___

A

Negative-pressure ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the most important muscle of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The diaphragm is responsible for ___ of inspiratory effort

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Thin, dome-shaped muscle attached to the lower ribs, xiphoid process, lumbar vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

Phrenic nerve—C3, 4, 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

During contraction of diaphragm—abdominal contents are forced ___

A

Downward and forward, causing an increase in vertical dimension of chest cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

During contraction of diaphragm—rib margins are ___

A

Lifted and moved outward, causing increase in the transverse diameter of the thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How much does the diaphragm move down during normal inspiration?

A

1 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How much does the diaphragm move down during forced inspiration?

A

10 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when paralyzed?

A
  • Paradoxical movement
  • Upward movement with inspiratory drop of intrathoracic pressure
  • Occurs when the diaphragm muscle is denervated (paralyzed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is transdiaphragmatic pressure?

A

When the effect of abdominal pressure on the chest wall mechanics is transmitted across the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

In supine position, abdominal pressure equals ___

A

Atmospheric pressure (when respiratory muscles are relaxed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when abdominal pressure is increased?

A

The diaphragm is pushed cephalad (towards the head) into the thoracic cavity, decreasing functional residual capacity (FRC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

FRC is reduced by…

A

Increased intra-abdominal pressure situations
Examples: pregnancy, obesity, bowel obstruction, laparoscopic surgery, ascites, abdominal mass, hepatomegaly, trendelenburg position, valsalva maneuver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are 3 positions that can decrease abdominal pressure and allow easier lung ventilation?

A
  • Upright
  • Reverse trendelenburg
  • Prone position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do the external intercostal muscles connect to?

A

Adjacent ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

EIM are responsible for ___ of inspiratory effort

A

25%—diaphragm is responsible for 75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where do the nerves that innervate the intercostal muscles (intercostal nerves) originate?

A

Motor neurons to the EIM originate in the respiratory centers of the brainstem and travel down the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where do the intercostal nerves originate?

A

T1-T11

-The nerves pass under each rib along with the intercostal veins and arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Contraction of the EIM pulls the ribs ___

A

Upward and forward—ribs move outward in “bucket-handle” fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What happens to the diameters of the thorax when the EIMs contract?

A

Thorax diameters increase in both lateral and anteroposterior directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What nerves innervate the EIMs?

A

Intercostal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What happens with paralysis of the EIMs?

A

Inspiration is not seriously altered because the diaphragm is so effective
-Sensation of inhalation is decreased (i.e.: may see this in pregnant women under spinal anesthesia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What do the accessory muscles of inspiration do?

A

They assist with forced inspiration during periods of stress or exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Scalene muscle

A
  • Attaches cervical spine to apical rib

- Elevates the first two ribs during forced inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

A
  • Attaches base of the skull (mastoid process) to top of sternum and clavicle medically
  • Raises the sternum during forced inspiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are two accessory muscles of inspiration?

A
  • Scalene muscle

- Sternocleidomastoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Expiration is the ___ phase of the breathing cycle

A

PASSIVE phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

During expiration—chest muscles and diaphragm ___

A

Relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

During expiration—pleural and alveolar pressures…

A

Rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

During expiration, gas flows ___

A

Passively out of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Expiration is active during ___ and ___

A

Hyperventilation and exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What does active expiration require?

A

Abdominal and internal intercostal muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are 3 different muscles of active expiration?

A
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Abdominal oblique muscles
  • Internal intercostal muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Rectus abdominis/abdominal oblique muscles (function)

A
  • Contraction raises intra-abdominal pressure to move diaphragm upward
  • Intra-thoracic pressure raises and forces air out from lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How do the internal intercostal muscles assist with active expiration?

A
  • Pull the ribs downward and inward
  • Decrease thoracic volume
  • Stiffen intercostal spaces to prevent outward bulging during straining
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

The muscles of active expiration also contract forcefully during ___, ___, and ___

A
  • coughing
  • vomiting
  • defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

-The pressure difference between the alveolar pressure and pleural pressure on the outside of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What happens to the alveoli when the pleural pressure attempts to pull outward?

A

Alveoli tend to collapse together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is recoil pressure?

A

The elastic forces which tend to collapse the lung during respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are two parts of the pleural membrane?

A
  • Visceral pleura

- Parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is visceral pleura?

A

A thin serosal membrane that envelopes the lobes of the lungs (surrounds the lungs)

70
Q

What is parietal pleura?

A

Lines the inner surface of the chest wall, lateral mediastinum, and most of the diaphragm

71
Q

The pleura space is enclosed by a ___

A

Continuous membrane

72
Q

The two pleural membranes (visceral and parietal)…

A
  • slide against each other

- are difficult to separate apart

73
Q

What are the two pleural membranes separated by?

A

Separated by a thin layer of serous fluid

-A large amount would be a pleural effusion, as seen in CHF, CA, infection

74
Q

What is the pleura sac?

A

-Contains both pleural membranes and a small amount of fluid inbetween them (serous fluid)

75
Q

What does pleural fluid do?

A
  • Functions as a lubricant between the membranes, prevents frictional irritation
  • Causes the visceral and parietal pleura to adhere together, maintains surface tension
  • Lymphatic drainage maintains constant suction on pleura (-5cm H2O)
76
Q

What is pleural pressure?

A

-The pressure of fluid in the space between the lung pleura (visceral) and chest wall pleura (parietal)

77
Q

Pleural pressure is always ___

A

Negative

78
Q

Normally at rest, suction creates a ___ pressure

A

NEGATIVE pressure at the beginning of inspiration (-5 cm H2O)

79
Q

What holds the lungs open at rest?

A

Negative pressure (-5 cm H2O)

80
Q

Pressure becomes more ___ during inspiration

A

More negative—moving to -7.5 cm H2O, allowing for negative pressure respiration

81
Q

What happens if pleural pressure becomes positive?

A

The lung will collapse—i.e.: pneumothorax, hemothorax, chylothorax

82
Q

TLC =

A

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Total lung capacity = inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

83
Q

VC =

A

IRV + TV + ERV

Vital capacity = inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

84
Q

FRC =

A

ERV + RV

Functional residual capacity = expiratory reserve volume + reserve volume

85
Q

IC =

A

TV + IRV

Inspiratory capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

86
Q

How many pulmonary volumes and capacities are there, and what are they based on?

A
  • 4 volumes, 4 capacities
  • Effort dependent
  • Values vary based on height, age, sex, and physical training
87
Q

IRV =

A

2.5 L

88
Q

TV =

A

0.5 L

89
Q

ERV =

A

1.5 L

90
Q

RV =

A

1 L

91
Q

IC =

A

3 L

IC = TV + IRV

92
Q

VC =

A

4.5 L

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

93
Q

FRC =

A

2.5 L

FRC = ERV + RV

94
Q

TLC =

A

5.5 L

TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

95
Q

What does spirometry NOT measure?

A

Residual volume (RV)

96
Q

What can’t be measured using spirometry alone?

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC)

97
Q

What are 3 ways we can determine FRC and TLC?

A
  • helium dilution
  • nitrogen washout
  • body plethysmography
98
Q

What does compliance measure?

A

Compliance is a measure of the distensibility of the lungs

99
Q

Compliance =

A

Change in lung volume/change in lung pressure

100
Q

The extent of lung expansion is dependent on an increase in ___

A

Transpulmonary pressure

101
Q

What is normal static compliance?

A

70-100 mL of air/cm of H2O transpulmonary pressure

102
Q

What can reduce lung compliance?

A
  • Higher or lower lung volumes
  • Higher expansion pressures
  • Venous congestion
  • Alveolar edema
  • Atelectasis
  • Fibrosis
103
Q

What increases lung compliance?

A

-Age and emphysema secondary to alterations of elastic fibers

104
Q

What are the two fibers in elastic lung tissue?

A
  • Elastin

- Collagen

105
Q

What is the natural state of the elastin and collagen fibers?

A

Contracted coils

106
Q

How does the elastic lung tissue assist to deflate the lungs?

A
  • After the elastic fibers (elastin and collagen) are stretched and elongated, they return to a coiled state, thus generating an elastic force
  • The recoil force (the fibers returning to a coiled state) is what deflates the lungs
107
Q

What comprises 2/3 of the elastic force in the lung?

A

-The surface air-fluid interface (air entering the lungs + water/surfactant in the lung)

108
Q

What holds the alveoli open?

A

-Complex synergy between air and fluid

109
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

-Surfactant in the alveoli reduces the surface tension of water and keeps the alveoli from collapsing

110
Q

How does water tension contribute to the elastic force of the lung?

A
  • Water has a strong attraction to itself, causing high tension—the tension creates an elastic force
  • This elastic force caused by water tension attempts to force air out of the alveoli
111
Q

What is surfactant/what does it do?

A
  • Fatty-acid product of type II pneumocyte (DPPC)

- Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid

112
Q

What are the ends of the DPPC molecules?

A

-Hydrophobic and hydrophilic opposing ends

113
Q

How does DPPC reduce alveolar surface tension?

A

-DPPC opposes water’s self-attractant elastic force, thus reducing alveolar surface tension

114
Q

Effect of water on alveoli

A

Water attracts itself, causing high surface tension in the alveoli; this forces air out of the alveoli

115
Q

Effect of DPPC on alveoli

A

DPPC (surfactant) decreases the surface tension of water by breaking up water’s self-attracting forces; this prevents alveolar collapse

116
Q

What are 3 main functions of surfactant?

A
  • Lowers surface tension of alveoli and lung (increases compliance, reduces work of breathing)
  • Promotes stability of alveoli (prevents alveolar collapse)
  • Prevents transudation of fluid into alveoli (prevents surface tension forces from drawing fluid into alveoli from capillary)
117
Q

Total ventilation is AKA

A

Minute ventilation

118
Q

Minute ventilation is…

A

The total volume of air conducted into the lungs per minute

119
Q

Minute ventilation =

A

Tidal volume x frequency (number of breaths in one minute)

120
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

The volume of fresh air entering the alveoli each minute (70% of total minute ventilation)

121
Q

Alveolar ventilation is always ___ total (minute) ventilation

A

Less than

122
Q

When is an alveolar O2 concentration steady state achieved?

A

When supply matches demand

123
Q

What is dead space?

A

Dead space = ventilated, but not perfused

124
Q

Dead space is the portion of tidal volume fresh air that…

A

Does not go directly to the terminal respiratory units; stays in the conducting airways, no gas exchange occurs (~30% of each breath, 150 ccs of tidal volume or 2 ccs/kg)

125
Q

The conducting airways do not participate in…

A

Gas exchange

126
Q

Dead space is approximately how much of ideal body weight?

A

2 ccs/kg of ideal body weight

127
Q

Anatomic dead space is different from ___

A

Physiological dead space (wasted ventilation)

128
Q

What is physiologic dead space?

A
  • AKA wasted ventilation

- Describes a deviation from ideal ventilation relative to blood flow

129
Q

Wasted ventilation (physiologic dead space, VPD) includes…

A

Anatomical dead space + any portion of alveolar ventilation that is not involved in gas exchange (alveolar dead space)

130
Q

Alveolar dead space is…

A

Any portion of alveolar ventilation that is not involved in gas exchange (exchange of O2/CO2 with pulmonary blood flow)

131
Q

Where do we see a V/Q mismatch?

A

Ventilation/blood flow mismatch is seen where blood flow is blocked (i.e.: d/t clot or emboli)

132
Q

VT = VA + VD

A

Tidal volume = alveolar volume + anatomical dead space

133
Q

VPD = VD + VAD

A

Wasted ventilation (or physiologic dead space) = anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

134
Q

VT = VA + VD + VAD

A

Tidal volume = alveolar volume + anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

135
Q

Is all the gas compressed out of the lungs during exhalation?

A
  • No—small airways in region of respiratory bronchioles collapse
  • Gas is trapped in distal alveoli
136
Q

Dependent (down) regions of the lung are only…

A

Intermittently ventilated, leading to defective gas exchange (i.e.: patients who are positioned laterally for procedures)

137
Q

What is closing volume (CV)?

A

Volume of the lung at which the small airways close

138
Q

What happens if CV > FRC?

A

Then the small airways collapse during normal TVs, leading to atelectasis and hypoxemia

139
Q

Airway closure occurs at ___ in normal young subjects in the lowermost lung regions

A

Very low lung volumes

140
Q

Airway closure occurs in normal elderly lungs at ___ volumes and can be present at FRC

A

Higher

141
Q

Airway closure frequently develops in ___

A

Patients with chronic lung disease

142
Q

Air flow at low flow rates is ___

A

Laminar

143
Q

Turbulence occurs at…

A

Higher flow rates or when there are changes in the air passageway (i.e.: airway branches/diameter/velocity/direction changes)

144
Q

Laminar flow is…

A

Parallel streams of flow

145
Q

Velocity in the center of the airway is ___ than at the edges of the tube

A

Twice as fast

146
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Describes resistance to flow through a tube

147
Q

Poiseuille’s law—pressure increases proportional to ___ and ___

A
  • flow rate

- gas viscosity

148
Q

Poiseuille’s Law—___ and ___ increase flow resistance

A
  • smaller airway radius

- longer distances

149
Q

PL—Higher flow rate = ___ pressure

A

Higher pressure

150
Q

PL—Higher viscosity = ___ pressure

A

Higher pressure

151
Q

PL—smaller radius = ___ resistance

A

Greater

152
Q

PL—longer distance = ___ resistance

A

Greater

153
Q

PL—reducing the radius by 16% will ___ the resistance

A

Double the resistance

154
Q

PL—reducing the radius by 50% will ___ resistance

A

Increase resistance 16-fold

155
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

Pressure = Flow x Resistance

Resistance = Pressure / Flow

156
Q

Turbulent flow occurs at ___

A

Higher flow rates

157
Q

Increases in what 3 things can cause turbulent flow?

A

Increases in…

  • density
  • velocity
  • airway resistance
158
Q

What is the chief site of airway resistance?

A

The medium-sized bronchi

159
Q

Very small bronchioles have ___ resistance

A

Very little

160
Q

Air velocity in the small bronchioles is ___

A

Low; diffusion takes over

161
Q

What are 3 factors that determine airway resistance?

A
  • Lung volume
  • Bronchial smooth muscle
  • Density and viscosity of inspired gas
162
Q

As lung volume is reduced, airway resistance ___

A

Increases

163
Q

Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle (bronchoconstriction) ___ resistance

A

Increases

164
Q

Higher gas density ___ resistance

A

Increases resistance to flow

165
Q

Higher viscosity = ___ resistance

A

Increased

166
Q

What has more influence on resistance of flow—density or viscosity?

A

Density

167
Q

What can we use to determine the work of breathing?

A

Oxygen consumption measurements

168
Q

O2 cost of quiet breathing

A

5% of total resting oxygen consumption

169
Q

O2 cost of hyperventilation

A

30% oxygen consumption

170
Q

O2 cost in obstructive lung disease

A

High O2 cost limits exercise ability

KLowe Anesthesia Physiology 1: Respiratory (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions