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401 Injury Management > Lecture 2 Introduction to Sports Injuries > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Introduction to Sports Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanisms of Injury may be

A

Primary or Secondary

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2
Q

Primary injuries occur as a …

A

direct result of stress of sport.

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3
Q

Primary injuries can result from

A

athlete or equipment.

Examples: Sprains/strains/fractures

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4
Q

Secondary injuries occur as a

A

a indirect result of stress imposed by sport

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5
Q

Secondary injuries can be result of

A

environment, existing health conditions, hereditary…

Examples: Heat exhaustion, altitude sickness, sickle cell anemia

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6
Q

The several common Musculoskeletal Injuries

A 
Sprains
Strains
Tendinopathies 
Bursitis 
Contusions
Fractures
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7
Q

Sprains are injuries to ____ structures

A

passive

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8
Q

sprains are Injuries to

A

ligaments

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9
Q

sprains results from

A

overstress of the ligament fibers or their

bony attachment point

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10
Q

Strains are injuries to

____ structures

A

active

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11
Q

Strains are injuries to

A

Muscles

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12
Q

Strains Result from

A

excessive forceful contraction or stretch, or

stretching while contracting (eccentric contraction).

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13
Q

Tendonitis:

A

Inflammation stage of tendinopathy.

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14
Q

Tendonosis:

A

Chronic tendonitis

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15
Q

Tendinopathies usually include ____ mechanisms

A

overuse

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16
Q

Tendinopathies are

A

Inflammation or degenerative changes in tendons
-Usually secondary to repeated micro-traumas or
circulatory disturbances in the tendon

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17
Q

Bursitis:

A

Inflammation of a bursal sac
Leads to pain and substantial swelling. If not left to
resolve can become degenerative to bursa

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18
Q

Bursa’s may be___ or _____

A

contused or chronically irritated

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19
Q

Contusions may be____ or____

A

superficial or deep

20
Q

Contusions:

A

Crushing injuries to soft tissues with a blood supply.
Common in muscle tissue, and result in an intra-
muscular hematoma formation.

21
Q

Closed fracture (simple):

A

Does not break skin

22
Q

Open fracture (compound):

A

Bone breaks surface of skin

23
Q

There are 3 stages of the healing process

A

Inflammation

  • Proliferation
  • Maturation
24
Q

Acute Inflammation Stage

Inflammation:

A

The inflammation stage is the reaction of tissue to

acute trauma the result in damage at the cellular level.

25
Q

What happens in the acute inflam stage

A

Vasoconstriction and platelet rxn to reduce blood loss
-Growth factors released by platelets attract reparative
cells to the site of injury.
-Clot formation triggers other cellular cascades that
promote vasodilation and blood vessel permeability.
-Migration of neutrophils/macrophages to cleanse damaged
tissue via phagocytosis.

26
Q

The inflammation stage is

A

necessary but may be

managed to our benefit.

27
Q

Inflammation usually lasts

A

~24-72 hours

28
Q

Repair of tissue does not start until

A

inflammation stage

is ending.

29
Q

Signs of inflammation

A 
S – Swelling 
H – Heat 
A – Altered Function 
R – Redness
P – Pain
30
Q

Management

A

P - Pressure
E - Elevate
I - Ice
R - Rest

31
Q

Proliferation stage:

A

Proliferation begins near the end of inflammation, and

typically extends as long as 6 weeks.

32
Q

What happens in the proliferation stage

A

Development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
-fibrous tissue formations (fibroplasia)
-Generation of new epithelial tissue (if necessary),
and/or scar tissue in other tissue types.
-Immature collagen/granulation tissue laid down.
Primary Healing (ends touching)
Secondary Healing

33
Q

Immature collagen laid down during proliferation will _______

However…

A

mature (next phase of healing) depending on the tissue
type and the stress placed on it.

Tissue is very vulnerable during proliferation, and the
end functional ability of the tissue will depend on the
proliferation stage.

34
Q

Maturation stage:

A

starts towards the end of proliferation,
and extends until the tissue reaches full
function/strength
Varies greatly from tissue to tissue, often longer that
1 year!

35
Q

what happens in maturation stage?

A

-Type I and III collagen replace immature collagen within
scar tissue to increase strength of repair.
-Elastin is incorporated (ongoing) with healing.
-Collagen fibers align with stresses

36
Q

Maturation stage starts at the end of _____

and extends until the tissue ______

A

proliferation … reaches full function.

37
Q

The end of maturation will include return to sport
activities and full use of injured structure.
-The lead up to this should

A

be extensively planned
and follow a sounds understanding of timeline and
tissue expectation.

38
Q

General ligament and tendon healing

Immature collagen/granular tissue deposition :
70 % of pre-injury strength regained:
Full function restoration:

A

3-6 Days
6 - 8 weeks
Up to 1 year

39
Q

General Muscle healing:

Degeneration/replacement of myofibrillar proteins =

50% of strength regained =

Full return to sport strength =

A

1-7 days
Varies based on stg 1/2/3
Varies

40
Q 
General Bone Healing :
Hematoma formation = 
Soft callous formation = 
Hard callous formation = 
up to 12 weeks) 
Return to sport remodeling =
A

~48 hours
7-14 days
4-6 weeks (longer for primary long bones
up to 12 weeks) Greatest risk for re-injury
As tolerated

41
Q

Risk factors can be either_____ or_____

A

Intrinsic or Extrinsic

42
Q

Intrinsic risk factors relate to ______

Extrinsic risk factors relate to _________

A

the athlete/individual

sport/surface/environment

43
Q

Some general themes of intrinsic risk factors include:

A

Age

  • Gender
  • psychological state
  • medical conditions
44
Q

Some age related risk factors:

A
  • Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
  • Scoliosis
  • Growth plate injuries
  • Osgood Schlatter Disease
45
Q

Some gender related risk factors:

A 
Most injuries affect men and women relatively 
equally, however:
-Concussions
-Knee injuries
-The female athlete triad
46
Q

The Female Athlete Triad:

A

Energy imbalance (with or without disordered eating) can
lead to loss of body weight:
-Lower estrogen/hormone production causing
dysmenorrhea (menstrual dysfunction)
-Premature bone loss causing osteoporosis and
increased incident of fractures (result of low calories
and decreased estrogen.

47
Q

some medical conditions-related risk factors

A

Diabetes

  • Asthma
  • Heart Conditions
  • Previous MSK injuries
  • Leg length discrepancies
  • Marfan Syndrome
  • Absence of organs…*!

401 Injury Management (6 decks)

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