Lecture 2: Inclusive fitness theory Flashcards
Darwin 1859 view on cooperation
- within species (social insects)
- between (orchard & bee)
–>hinted upon kin selection but didn’t know about genes.
Herbert Spencer 1864
‘survival of the fittest’
alfred, lord Tennyson 1850
‘Nature, red in tooth and claw’
–everyones out for themselves
Francis Galton
Social Darwinism
‘nature vs nurture’
-eugenics (1883)
Prince Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921)
Mutual Aid (book) --> his observations led him to believe that cooperation NOT CONFLICTION is what led to success of species
Ronald Fisher (1890-1962)
Founder of neo-darwinian modern synthesis
–Traits favoured by NS are those that enhance INDIVIDUAL fitness…but had an idea about kin selection but thought it was quite trivial and uncommon
neo darwinian modern synthesis brought together
NS, Mendelian genetics and popular genetics in 1930 -1940
JBS Haldane (1892-1964)
Founder of neo-darwinian modern synthesis
- Q would he lay down his life for hid brother
A “two brothers or 8 cousins”
—> first reported thing of genetic relatedness
WD Hamilton (1936-2000)
Inclusive Fitness Theory
diagram, yellow & purple
what year was inclusive fitness theory introduced and who by
1964 WD (Bill) Hamilton
2 form of fitness
direct
indirect
indirect fitness:
individuals with copies of that gene (kin-selected fitness)
direct fitness:
individual it is in
a gene can increase transmission to next generation by increasing fitness of
direct and indirect (together = INCLUSIVE FITNESS)
personal fitness also known as
neighbour-modulated fitness
how does hamilton view differ to fishers
both knew social interaction happened BUT fisher didn’t think it was a big deal = personal fitness
+ effect on actor
+ effect on recipient
mutually beneficial
+ effect on actor
- effect on recipient
selfish
- effect on actor
+ effect on recipient
altruistic
- effect on actor
- effect on recipient
spiteful
cooperative behaviour definition:
behaviour which benefits another individual and has been selected for because of its beneficial effects on the recipient (dung beetle)
mutually beneficial cooperation
provides immediate or delayed benefit to actors fitness
- – reciprocity
- –mutualism
altruistic cooperation:
cooperation is costly to the fitness of the actor
- kin selection (meerkat)
- manipulation (between and within spp)
is inclusive fitness easy to measure?
no
-need to know relatedness, cost & benefits
Hamilton’s Rule eq
c
kin selected cooperation in turkeys
M display in 1’s or 2’s
-in twos dom male gets majority of matings, y do subordinates bother?
-relatedness = 0.42 (close to bros)
c
hamiltons rule: Problems with measuring fitness solutions:
- productivity should be adults not offspring
- we only look at a snapshot of productivity
- we only see a survival across a discrete time interval
- energy budget, food intake etc..
Major evolutionary transitions. Origin off..
-chromosomes
-eukarkyotes
-sex
-multicellularity
-social groups
human society/ language
each of the major evolutionary transitions involves
cooperation, so modern social evolution theory aims to understand each transition using the logic of inclusive fitness theory
origin of multicellularity discover why by
using comparative analysis: compare multicellular form in CLONAL and NON-CLONAL species
example of obligate multicellularity
rat
example of facilitative multicellularity
slime mould
who studied origin of multicellularity and what did they find
Fisher
- clonal more likely to be obligate
- more cell types in clonal
- clonal higher probability of sterile cells
unicellular life to multicellular involved and is dependent on
cooperation and is dependent on relatedness
