Lecture 2: Inclusive fitness theory

Question 1

Darwin 1859 view on cooperation

Answer 1

• within species (social insects)
• between (orchard & bee)

–>hinted upon kin selection but didn’t know about genes.

Question 2

Herbert Spencer 1864

Answer 2

‘survival of the fittest’

Question 3

alfred, lord Tennyson 1850

Answer 3

‘Nature, red in tooth and claw’

–everyones out for themselves

Question 4

Francis Galton

Answer 4

Social Darwinism
‘nature vs nurture’
-eugenics (1883)

Question 5

Prince Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921)

Answer 5

Mutual Aid (book) 
--> his observations led him to believe that cooperation NOT CONFLICTION is what led to success of species

Question 6

Ronald Fisher (1890-1962)

Answer 6

Founder of neo-darwinian modern synthesis

–Traits favoured by NS are those that enhance INDIVIDUAL fitness…but had an idea about kin selection but thought it was quite trivial and uncommon

Question 7

neo darwinian modern synthesis brought together

Answer 7

NS, Mendelian genetics and popular genetics in 1930 -1940

Question 8

JBS Haldane (1892-1964)

Answer 8

Founder of neo-darwinian modern synthesis
- Q would he lay down his life for hid brother
A “two brothers or 8 cousins”
—> first reported thing of genetic relatedness

Question 9

WD Hamilton (1936-2000)

Answer 9

Inclusive Fitness Theory

diagram, yellow & purple

Question 10

what year was inclusive fitness theory introduced and who by

Answer 10

1964 WD (Bill) Hamilton

Question 11

2 form of fitness

Answer 11

direct

indirect

Question 12

indirect fitness:

Answer 12

individuals with copies of that gene (kin-selected fitness)

Question 13

direct fitness:

Answer 13

individual it is in

Question 14

a gene can increase transmission to next generation by increasing fitness of

Answer 14

direct and indirect (together = INCLUSIVE FITNESS)

Question 15

personal fitness also known as

Answer 15

neighbour-modulated fitness

Question 16

how does hamilton view differ to fishers

Answer 16

both knew social interaction happened BUT fisher didn’t think it was a big deal = personal fitness

Question 17

+ effect on actor

+ effect on recipient

Answer 17

mutually beneficial

Question 18

+ effect on actor

- effect on recipient

Answer 18

selfish

Question 19

• effect on actor

+ effect on recipient

Answer 19

altruistic

Question 20

• effect on actor

- effect on recipient

Answer 20

spiteful

Question 21

cooperative behaviour definition:

Answer 21

behaviour which benefits another individual and has been selected for because of its beneficial effects on the recipient (dung beetle)

Question 22

mutually beneficial cooperation

Answer 22

provides immediate or delayed benefit to actors fitness

• – reciprocity
• –mutualism

Question 23

altruistic cooperation:

Answer 23

cooperation is costly to the fitness of the actor

• kin selection (meerkat)
• manipulation (between and within spp)

Question 24

is inclusive fitness easy to measure?

Answer 24

no

-need to know relatedness, cost & benefits

Question 25

Hamilton’s Rule eq

Answer 25

c

Question 26

kin selected cooperation in turkeys

Answer 26

M display in 1’s or 2’s
-in twos dom male gets majority of matings, y do subordinates bother?
-relatedness = 0.42 (close to bros)
c

Question 27

hamiltons rule: Problems with measuring fitness solutions:

Answer 27

• productivity should be adults not offspring
• we only look at a snapshot of productivity
• we only see a survival across a discrete time interval
• energy budget, food intake etc..

Question 28

Major evolutionary transitions. Origin off..

Answer 28

-chromosomes
-eukarkyotes
-sex
-multicellularity
-social groups
human society/ language

Question 29

each of the major evolutionary transitions involves

Answer 29

cooperation, so modern social evolution theory aims to understand each transition using the logic of inclusive fitness theory

Question 30

origin of multicellularity discover why by

Answer 30

using comparative analysis: compare multicellular form in CLONAL and NON-CLONAL species

Question 31

example of obligate multicellularity

Answer 31

rat

Question 32

example of facilitative multicellularity

Answer 32

slime mould

Question 33

who studied origin of multicellularity and what did they find

Answer 33

Fisher

• clonal more likely to be obligate
• more cell types in clonal
• clonal higher probability of sterile cells

Question 34

unicellular life to multicellular involved and is dependent on

Answer 34

cooperation and is dependent on relatedness