Lecture 2 - History Flashcards
Nobel prize for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks
Hopfield and Hinton
Name the machine developed by Hinton
Boltzmann Machines
What did Hopfield develop?
Hopfield Networks
First dream of an AI entity in litterature
The greek god Hephaestus build Talos, a giant intelligent bronze robot
Who killed Talos
Jason of the argonauts
What robots did Hepaestus build besides Talos
Tripods (could run of to meet the gods), waiters, bellows (for iron casting)
Greek Philosofer thinking about automation
Aristole
Who laid the foundation for formal logic
Aristotle
Basic formal logic general observation
all b’s are a
all c’s ar b
therefore all c’s are a
Name of the talking head made of brass
Brazen head
Who owned the Brazen head
The Alchemist Bacon and Magnus
Who made a humanoid mechanical knight
Leonardo da Vinci
When was the humanoid mechanical knight designed
1495
Who made the giant Golem
Rabbi Loew
How did you wake up the giant golem
by putting a paper under his tongue or alternative versions by putting a three letter word for truth (AMT) on his forehead
Original story published by Mary Shelley that describes the attempt of a true scientist to create life.
Frankenstein
When did Mary Shelley publish his famous novel
1818
Chess playing robot from 18th century
the chess playing turk
Which famous person played and lost against the chess robot from the 18th century
Napoleon
Did the chess robot from the 18th century work
No Edgar Allan Poe hypothesized that it did not work.
Trompeteer robot from the 19th century
Automata
Talking machine from 1830-1840
The Euphonia
What paper and by whom descriebs the talking machine from 1830-1840
Paper “Talking Head” by David Lindsey
Name the Robot duck from the 19th century
Vaucanson’s duck
Which philosopher proposed that animals are machines
Decartes
What kind of machines did both Pascal and Leibniz build in the 17th century?
- calculation machines
What machine did Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invent
Lingua Characteristica
Who said this: “It is unworthy of exellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be regulated to anyone else if machines were used”
Leibniz
Who said this: “… how much better will it be to bring under mathematical laws human reasoning”
Leibniz
Difference Engine from 1822
Babbage’s Engines
used to calculate mathematical tables using the method of finite differences (essentially reducing to addition/multiplication)
The first programmer
Ada Lovelace
Who wrote: “The analytical engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.”
Ada Lovelace
What did George Boole publish in 1847
“The Mathematical Analysis of Logic”
What did the publication of George Boole from 1847 show
Showed how to write logic in the form of analytical equations
Basic boolean laws / boolean algebra / basic boolean algebraic identities (additative)
Additive:
A + 0 = A
A + 1 = 1
A + A = A
A + A’ = 1
Basic boolean laws / boolean algebra / basic boolean algebraic identities (multiplicative)
Multiplicative:
0.A = 0
1.A = A
A.A = A
A.A’ = 0
Which program set out to Prove the consistency of an axiomatic formalization of arithmetic.
Hilbert’s program for the 20th century
The point of the paper “On Formally Undecidable Propositions 1931“ is that it is not possible that a complex axiomatization is both complete and consistent.
Who wrote the paper?
Kurt Gödel
Point in Alan Turing’s paper On Computable Numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem
Some problems are not decidable in infinite time
Origin of the word “Robot”
Karel Capek play (Rossum’s Universal Robots).
Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics
1) A robot must not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2) A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law.
3) A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First of Second Laws.
(4)) Later he added a fourth on (actually the 0-th on). A robot may not harm humanity or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.
What is Grey Walter’s tutoises
Vacuum machine robot (very much like a Rumba robot).
What is Squee from 1951?
a robotic squirrel
The first digital computer from 1941
Konrad Zuse’s Z3
The first Turing-complete digital computer from 1945
ENIAC
The first stored program computer from 1949
EDVAC
Who made the first Neural Networks from 1943, 1952 and 1957
1) 1943 model of artificial neurons
2) 1951 first neural network computer
3) 1957 defining the perceptron (Adding weights to the inputs)
A) Minsky and Edmond
B) McCulloch and Pitt
C) Rosenblatt
1 - B
2 - A
3 - C
Artificial neural networks are inspired by the brain. What are the three main characteristics?
- many interconnected units (neurons)
- learning happens by changing the strength of connections (synapses)
- behavior of the whole is more than the sum of the parts
What does the stacking of many artificial neurons refer to
Artificial Neural Networks
Point in the paper “The Magical Number 7 +/- 3”
Limits on our capacity for processing information
Inventor of the first Chess Programs from 1945
Konrad Zuse
Inventor of chess program that foresees strategies invented in 1950 and still used
Claude Shannon
Claude Shannons two strategies for a chess program
- Brute force
- Pruning uninteresting lines (as humans do)
Chess algorithm from 1951 (first recorded man-machine game) - computation with paper and pencil
Turing chess algorithm
What year was AI born?
1956 on the Darthmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence
The founding fathers of AI - Who attended the Darthmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence?
McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, Simon
The history of AI in a nutcshell (3 elements)
- neural networks
- expert systems
- machine learning
What is “the general problem solver” an imitation of and what does it do?
Imitation of human problem-solving, solved simple puzzles
What ideas in game playing did Arthur Samuel (IBM) pioneer?
- alpha-beta search,
- reinforcement learning, etc.
Inventor of Lisp (second-oldest high-level language)
John McCarthy MIT
What did Marvin Minsky MIT work on
- micro worlds
From 1966-1973 was the progress in AI faster of slower than expected?
Slower
List Simon and Newell’s predictions from 1958 for the following 10 years?
- computer world chess champion
- computer prove important mathematical theorem
- computer will write music of aesthetic value
- theories in psychology can be reduced to computer programs
How long did it take before Simon and Newells 1958 predictions came through?
40 years
Name of Buchanans 1969 Knowledge based system to infer molecular structure and importance for ai research?
- DENDRAL Project
What important insight did the DENDRAL Project lead to?
Recognized importance of domain-specific knowledge
On which scientific disciplines do AI build?
logics, philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, …
What do the successes in AI depend on?
Deep and intensive computation instead of modeling the human mind.
What is Symbolic AI?
Symbols represent information
On which level does subsymbolic AI model intelligence
Model intelligence at a level similar to the neuron.
What enables subsymbolic AI?
Subsymbolic AI is enabled by neural networks and machine learning algorithms that learn patterns directly from data, rather than relying on explicit symbolic rules.
This allows it to process raw inputs (like images or sounds) and recognize complex patterns, making it well-suited for tasks like image recognition, language processing, and autonomous decision-making.
When was the deep learning age?
2010 - present
Which breakthroughs did deep learning bring without introducing fundamentally new ideas.?
- computer vision,
- language understanding,
- game playing, etc.
What made deep learning possible?
- The models are bigger
- More data for training
- More compute
- Available programming libraries
Two purposes for AI acording to Herb Simon?
- use the power of computers to augment human thinking. Robotics and expert systems are major branches of that.
- use computer’s to understand how humans think. In a humanoid way.
