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JKU Introduction to AI > Lecture 2 - History > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - History Flashcards

1
Q

Nobel prize for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks

A

Hopfield and Hinton

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2
Q

Name the machine developed by Hinton

A

Boltzmann Machines

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3
Q

What did Hopfield develop?

A

Hopfield Networks

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4
Q

First dream of an AI entity in litterature

A

The greek god Hephaestus build Talos, a giant intelligent bronze robot

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5
Q

Who killed Talos

A

Jason of the argonauts

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6
Q

What robots did Hepaestus build besides Talos

A

Tripods (could run of to meet the gods), waiters, bellows (for iron casting)

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7
Q

Greek Philosofer thinking about automation

A

Aristole

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8
Q

Who laid the foundation for formal logic

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

Basic formal logic general observation

A

all b’s are a
all c’s ar b
therefore all c’s are a

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10
Q

Name of the talking head made of brass

A

Brazen head

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11
Q

Who owned the Brazen head

A

The Alchemist Bacon and Magnus

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12
Q

Who made a humanoid mechanical knight

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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13
Q

When was the humanoid mechanical knight designed

A

1495

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14
Q

Who made the giant Golem

A

Rabbi Loew

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15
Q

How did you wake up the giant golem

A

by putting a paper under his tongue or alternative versions by putting a three letter word for truth (AMT) on his forehead

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16
Q

Original story published by Mary Shelley that describes the attempt of a true scientist to create life.

A

Frankenstein

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17
Q

When did Mary Shelley publish his famous novel

A

1818

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18
Q

Chess playing robot from 18th century

A

the chess playing turk

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19
Q

Which famous person played and lost against the chess robot from the 18th century

A

Napoleon

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20
Q

Did the chess robot from the 18th century work

A

No Edgar Allan Poe hypothesized that it did not work.

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21
Q

Trompeteer robot from the 19th century

A

Automata

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22
Q

Talking machine from 1830-1840

A

The Euphonia

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23
Q

What paper and by whom descriebs the talking machine from 1830-1840

A

Paper “Talking Head” by David Lindsey

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24
Q

Name the Robot duck from the 19th century

A

Vaucanson’s duck

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25
Q

Which philosopher proposed that animals are machines

A

Decartes

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26
Q

What kind of machines did both Pascal and Leibniz build in the 17th century?

A
  • calculation machines
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27
Q

What machine did Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invent

A

Lingua Characteristica

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28
Q

Who said this: “It is unworthy of exellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be regulated to anyone else if machines were used”

A

Leibniz

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29
Q

Who said this: “… how much better will it be to bring under mathematical laws human reasoning”

A

Leibniz

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30
Q

Difference Engine from 1822

A

Babbage’s Engines

used to calculate mathematical tables using the method of finite differences (essentially reducing to addition/multiplication)

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31
Q

The first programmer

A

Ada Lovelace

32
Q

Who wrote: “The analytical engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.”

A

Ada Lovelace

33
Q

What did George Boole publish in 1847

A

“The Mathematical Analysis of Logic”

34
Q

What did the publication of George Boole from 1847 show

A

Showed how to write logic in the form of analytical equations

35
Q

Basic boolean laws / boolean algebra / basic boolean algebraic identities (additative)

A

Additive:
A + 0 = A
A + 1 = 1
A + A = A
A + A’ = 1

36
Q

Basic boolean laws / boolean algebra / basic boolean algebraic identities (multiplicative)

A

Multiplicative:
0.A = 0
1.A = A
A.A = A
A.A’ = 0

37
Q

Which program set out to Prove the consistency of an axiomatic formalization of arithmetic.

A

Hilbert’s program for the 20th century

38
Q

The point of the paper “On Formally Undecidable Propositions 1931“ is that it is not possible that a complex axiomatization is both complete and consistent.

Who wrote the paper?

A

Kurt Gödel

39
Q

Point in Alan Turing’s paper On Computable Numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem

A

Some problems are not decidable in infinite time

40
Q

Origin of the word “Robot”

A

Karel Capek play (Rossum’s Universal Robots).

41
Q

Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics

A

1) A robot must not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

2) A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law.

3) A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First of Second Laws.

(4)) Later he added a fourth on (actually the 0-th on). A robot may not harm humanity or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.

42
Q

What is Grey Walter’s tutoises

A

Vacuum machine robot (very much like a Rumba robot).

43
Q

What is Squee from 1951?

A

a robotic squirrel

44
Q

The first digital computer from 1941

A

Konrad Zuse’s Z3

45
Q

The first Turing-complete digital computer from 1945

A

ENIAC

46
Q

The first stored program computer from 1949

A

EDVAC

47
Q

Who made the first Neural Networks from 1943, 1952 and 1957

1) 1943 model of artificial neurons
2) 1951 first neural network computer
3) 1957 defining the perceptron (Adding weights to the inputs)

A) Minsky and Edmond
B) McCulloch and Pitt
C) Rosenblatt

A

1 - B
2 - A
3 - C

48
Q

Artificial neural networks are inspired by the brain. What are the three main characteristics?

A
  • many interconnected units (neurons)
  • learning happens by changing the strength of connections (synapses)
  • behavior of the whole is more than the sum of the parts
49
Q

What does the stacking of many artificial neurons refer to

A

Artificial Neural Networks

50
Q

Point in the paper “The Magical Number 7 +/- 3”

A

Limits on our capacity for processing information

51
Q

Inventor of the first Chess Programs from 1945

A

Konrad Zuse

52
Q

Inventor of chess program that foresees strategies invented in 1950 and still used

A

Claude Shannon

53
Q

Claude Shannons two strategies for a chess program

A
  • Brute force
  • Pruning uninteresting lines (as humans do)
54
Q

Chess algorithm from 1951 (first recorded man-machine game) - computation with paper and pencil

A

Turing chess algorithm

55
Q

What year was AI born?

A

1956 on the Darthmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence

56
Q

The founding fathers of AI - Who attended the Darthmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence?

A

McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, Simon

57
Q

The history of AI in a nutcshell (3 elements)

A
  • neural networks
  • expert systems
  • machine learning
58
Q

What is “the general problem solver” an imitation of and what does it do?

A

Imitation of human problem-solving, solved simple puzzles

59
Q

What ideas in game playing did Arthur Samuel (IBM) pioneer?

A
  • alpha-beta search,
  • reinforcement learning, etc.
60
Q

Inventor of Lisp (second-oldest high-level language)

A

John McCarthy MIT

61
Q

What did Marvin Minsky MIT work on

A
  • micro worlds
62
Q

From 1966-1973 was the progress in AI faster of slower than expected?

A

Slower

63
Q

List Simon and Newell’s predictions from 1958 for the following 10 years?

A
  • computer world chess champion
  • computer prove important mathematical theorem
  • computer will write music of aesthetic value
  • theories in psychology can be reduced to computer programs
64
Q

How long did it take before Simon and Newells 1958 predictions came through?

A

40 years

65
Q

Name of Buchanans 1969 Knowledge based system to infer molecular structure and importance for ai research?

A
  • DENDRAL Project
66
Q

What important insight did the DENDRAL Project lead to?

A

Recognized importance of domain-specific knowledge

67
Q

On which scientific disciplines do AI build?

A

logics, philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, …

68
Q

What do the successes in AI depend on?

A

Deep and intensive computation instead of modeling the human mind.

69
Q

What is Symbolic AI?

A

Symbols represent information

70
Q

On which level does subsymbolic AI model intelligence

A

Model intelligence at a level similar to the neuron.

71
Q

What enables subsymbolic AI?

A

Subsymbolic AI is enabled by neural networks and machine learning algorithms that learn patterns directly from data, rather than relying on explicit symbolic rules.

This allows it to process raw inputs (like images or sounds) and recognize complex patterns, making it well-suited for tasks like image recognition, language processing, and autonomous decision-making.

72
Q

When was the deep learning age?

A

2010 - present

73
Q

Which breakthroughs did deep learning bring without introducing fundamentally new ideas.?

A
  • computer vision,
  • language understanding,
  • game playing, etc.
74
Q

What made deep learning possible?

A
  • The models are bigger
  • More data for training
  • More compute
  • Available programming libraries
75
Q

Two purposes for AI acording to Herb Simon?

A
  • use the power of computers to augment human thinking. Robotics and expert systems are major branches of that.
  • use computer’s to understand how humans think. In a humanoid way.

JKU Introduction to AI (6 decks)

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