Lecture 1 - Introduction Flashcards
Who (and when) coined the term “AI”?
John McCarthy, Stanford (1956), coined the term AI, Turing Awardee
Definition of Machine Learning according to Tom Mitchell?
the science “concerned with the question of how to construct
computer programs that automatically improve with experience” - Tom Mitchell (1997) CMU
Three of the awardees 2019 for Deep Learning
Hinton, LeCun and Bengio
Definition of Deep Learning
A form of machine learning that makes use of artificial neural networks
What is Cognitive Neuroscience?
Science on how does the brain work at the neuronal level?
Fill in the blanks for AI visualisation:
Which disciplines (models and techniques) do cognitive science bring together to construct precise and testable theories of the mind?
- computational models from AI
- experimental techniques from psychology
Is cognitive science apart of the study of AI?
Cognitive Science is now distinct from AI
What does it require to build:
“System that think like humans”?
A cognitive model (theories of internal brain activities on how human thinks)
Between what two modes in a cognitive model is distinguished?
knowledge or circuitry
What does it require to build
“systems that think rationally”?
Capturing the laws of thought (logic - Aristotle).
What does The logicist tradition in AI hope to do?
to create intelligent systems using logic programming.
Aristotles first patterns of correct formal reasoning is?
“Socrates is a man, all man are mortal → Socrates is mortal”
What are the two main problems related to building “Systems that think rationally”?
- It is hard to formalize knowledge exactly → Feigenbaum Bottleneck in expert systems
- Not all intelligence is mediated by logic behavior
Describe the imitation game
A human judge is connected (via a computer/messenger) to a man and a woman
the judge can ask any question about any subject
the woman replies honestly
the man tries to pretend he
is a woman
The judge has to find out:
Who is the woman?
Explain the Turing Test
A human judge is connected (via a computer/messenger) to a computer and a woman
the judge can ask any question about any subject
the woman replies honestly
the computer tries to pretend it is a woman
The judge has to find out:
Who is the woman?
If the computer can successfully fool the judge, it has passed the test
it can be considered intelligent
Mention a problem with the Turing Test?
not reproducible, constructive or amenable to mathematical
analysis.
What is an algorithm?
a step-by-step procedure to find a solution to a class of problems.
What is a common example of an algorithm know from the world of cooking?
A recipe.
List 3 current trends in AI?
- Exploit the strength of the computer
- Focus on particular tasks
- Scientific verification of hypothesis
Artificial Intelligence is about building machines that exhibit rational behavior. Do they use the same methods as humans?
If not what methods do they use?
No AI systems do not try to model human thought.
They use:
- fast repetitious computing,
- elementary statistics (counting and probabilities),
- often brute force.
What are the most important subfields of AI
- Machine learning
- Deep learning
