Lecture 2: General Principles of Pharmacology

Question 1

The study of how the body absorbs, distributes, and eliminates the drug (what the body does to the drug)

Answer 1

Pharmacokinetics

Question 2

The analysis of what the drug does to the body, including the mechanism by which the drug exerts its effect

Answer 2

Pharmacodynamics

Question 3

What is toxicology

Answer 3

Stufy of the harmful effects of chemicals

Question 4

Deals with the genetic basis for drug responses, especially variations in drug response from person to person

Answer 4

Pharmacogenetics

Question 5

Releated to the dose that produces a given response in a specific amplitude

Answer 5

Potency

Question 6

Is potency a maximal efficacy?

Answer 6

No, its the desired potency

Question 7

A drug with a low dosage has more or less potency?

Answer 7

More - you need less of it achieve desired outcome

Drug A = 10 mg
Drug B = 100 mg

Drug A is more potent

Question 8

TEST Do safer drugs have a higher or lower theraputic index?

Answer 8

Higher

Higher therapetic index = larger dose to reach toxic value (you need lots of the drug for it to become toxic)

Question 9

Therapeutic index equation

Answer 9

Leathal dose / effective dose

the higher the # the safer it is

higher means it takes a larger dose to reach that toxic level

Question 10

KNOW: Routes of drug administration affects how much gets to the target tissue (amount of bioaviability)

Question 11

The extent to which the drug reaches the systemic circulation is

Answer 11

Bioavailability

We often use systemic circulation to asses if there is enough drug availble in the system to reach the optimal dose

affected by route of administration

Question 12

Distribution of the drug to the body depends on: (4)

Answer 12

1) Tissue permability
2) Blood flow to that area
3) Binding to plasma proteins
4) Binding to subcellular components

Question 13

Long term storage sites for drugs (4)

Answer 13

1) Adipose
2) Bones
3) Muscules
4) Organs

Question 14

What organ detoxes?

Answer 14

Liver

Question 15

What biotransformation and what organ does it?

Answer 15

Chemically altering the original compound so that it is no longer active
* aka drug metabolism

Liver does this

To a lesser extent: Lungs, kidneys, GI epithelium, and skin

Question 16

What organ is the primary site for drug excretion?

Answer 16

Kidneys

Question 17

Systemic or single organ’s ability to eliminate the drug

Answer 17

Clearance

NOTE: Older people have a lower clearance, meaning some drugs have the ability to stay there longer
* This is important for drugs that need to stay there to be maintained at a certain level

Question 18

what is half life?

Answer 18

Amount of time required for 50% of the drug remianing in the body to be eliminated
* important because it could piggy back

Question 19

Variations in drug response:
* Genetics
* Disease
* Drug interactions
* Age
* Diet
* gender
* Social determinants of health (are you not taking your medication because you’re trying to save money)

Question 20

KNOW: grapefruit have a moleculat that stops CYP

CYP breaks down drugs

Take grapefruit juice is stop the breakdown of drugs = increase drug in system
* mostly heart medications

This also lowers BP

Question 21

The amount of attraction between drug and receptors =
* releated to the drug amount that is required to bind to the unoccupied receptors

Answer 21

Drug affinity

Question 22

If it affects only one type of cell of tissue and produces a specific physiological affect is is

Answer 22

drug selectivity

Question 23

KNOW: Non selective drugs can bind all over the place while selective drugs have very limited binding places

Question 24

What is an agonist

Answer 24

A drug that can bind to a receptor and initiate a change in a cells function
* Key that goes in and activates what its supposed to activate

Question 25

What is an antagonist

Answer 25

Occupy the receptor and prevent the agonistic compound from having any affect on the cell * blockers