Lecture 1: Introduction to Central & Peripheral Nervous System Disorders Flashcards
KNOW: Excessive glutamate (neurotransmitter) can result in cell death
Where can axons regenerate in the PNS or the CNS?
PNS
This is why neuroplasticity is so important
She wants to go over this stuff
What does ligand gated mean?
* Is this a gated channel
bdining of a substance (like a neurotransmitter) opens the channel.
This would be considered a gated channel
KNOW: A closed channel would be something like a leak channel. Its not gaited
What opens a voltage gated channel?
electrical potanetial
What opens a mechanical gated channel?
Some kind of modality. Think stretching it etc…
Neural anatomy
This picture is talking about what happens w/ a local action potantial
Some deformation of receptor happens
This may trigger a local potential
Then eventually the AP travels down the membrane (remember this is all or none and is a summation of the local potentials, and as soon as the minimum amount needed triggers it its all or none)
What is the CNS defined as?
* What are its 3 regions?
All structures encased in bone
Regions:
1) Spinal Cord
2) Brainstem & cerebellum
3) Cerebral regions
What is the PNS defined as?
* Does it include crainal nerve axons?
PNS = all structures NOT encased in bone (bone = verebtral column and skull)
Includes crainal nerve axons
What are our 3 vertical systems that have axons that extend trhough all regions (CNS and PNS) of the NS?
* Picture someone from head to toe and hose systems are everywhere
1) Somatosensory
2) Somatic (motor)
3) Autonomic
What is the order of the brainstem from superior –> inferior (rostural –> caudal)
Midbrain –> Pons –> Medulla
What is responsible for controlling bodily functions?
CNS
What is the center for behavioral and intellectual abilities?
CNS
Neurons where are organized into highly complex patterns that mediate information through synaptic interactions?
CNS
Outer most area of gray matter in the brain
Cerebral Cortex
* note it is part of the cerebrum
Highest order of conscious function and integration in CNS is what prt of the cerebrum?
Cerebral Cortex
Makes sense - vegetaive fucntion is innermost
Where is the primary motor corex located?
Pre central gyrus
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
Post central gyrus
Most CNS therapeutic medications tend to affect WHAT function indirectly by first altering the function of lower brain and SC structures?
* What is the exception?
affect cortical function
Exception = antiepileptic drugs where the cerebral cortex is targeted directly
Lots of medications affect cortical function (that external function), but first it will affect lower cortical structures (meaning those underneath that area)
Lobes of the cerebrum (6)
1) Frontal
2) Temporal
3) Parietal
4) Occipital
5) Limbic
6) Insular
Functionals of the frontal lobe? (2)
1) Motor
2) Personality
Functionals of the temporal lobe? (3)
1) Auditory
2) Learning
3) Memory
Functions of the parietal lobe? (1)
1) Sensory
Functions of the Occipital lobe? (1)
1) Intense emotions
Functions of the Insular lobe? (2)
1) Awareness of sensation
2) Limbic (some of those limbic functions are also tied in [intense emotions])
Deep structures of the cerebrum? (5)
1) diencephalon
2) Basal ganglia
3) Internal Capsule
4) Amygdala
5) Hippocampus
Sensory and motor homunculus
motor biggest = hands / lips (because we talk / manipulate small objects)
* think about why we would need it = fine motor control / dextairty
* for a dog this would be different
What are our 5 basal ganglia nuclei
1) Caudate
2) Putamen
3) Globus pallidus
4) Subthalamic nucleus (STN)
5) Substantia nigra
Which 3 basal ganglia are located in the cerebrum?
1) Caudate
2) Putamen
3) Globus pallidus
Which one of the basal ganglia is located in the diencephalon?
Subthalamic nucleus
Which basal ganglia is located in the midbrain?
Substantia nigra
basal ganglia are primarily involved in the control of …
* They also have waht kind of functions?
Motor activities
Also have psychologic functions
* think social / goal orientated behavior
* Think “do I run traffic light if running late for job interview”
* being happy vs frightened to see a dog
* they have non motor functions as well
KNOW: Certain medications that treat movement disorders exert their effects by interacting w/ basal ganglia structures
* makes sense because the primary function of the basal ganglia is motor activities
What two main things does the diencephalon do?
* What about the 8 other functions
1) Process emoion
2) Process some forms of memory
Other things it does
1) Regulate consciousness
2) Regulates attention
3) Maintain body temp
4) Maintain body metabolic rate
5) Maintain body chemical composition of the tissue
6) Regulate eating
7) Defensive and reproducive behavior
8) Influence the secretion of endocrine glands
What four structures does the diencephalon consist of?
1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Epithalamus
4) Subthalamus
KNOW: Thalamus = master control of homeostasis
KNOW: Several drugs affecting sensation and control of the body functions manifest their effects by interacting w/ the thalamus and hypothalamus
What is the large, egg shaped collection of nuclei in center of cerebrum?
* What does it do?
* What is it termed
Thalamus
Nuceli relay info to cerebral cortex, process emotional and some memory information, integrate different types of sensations, or regulate consciousness, arousal and attention
Termed the gateway to the cerebral cortex
What is lcoated inferior to the thalamus?
* what does it do (6)
Hypothalamus
1) Maintains body tem
2) maintains Metabolic rate
3) maintains body Chemical comspoition of tissues and fluids w/ an optimal functional range
4) Controls ANS
5) Link between NS and endocrine system
6) Circadian rhythms
What is located posteriosuperior to thalamus?
* What does it contain
* What does it do?
Epithalamus
Contains the pineal gland, which influences the secretion of other endocrine glands, including pituitary and adrenal
* Hormone secretion
What is located inferiolatearl to the thalamus?
* part of waht that controls what
* part of what?
Subthalamus
Part of the neural circuit that controls movement
Part of basal ganglia
What is the order of the brainstem from rostural to caudal?
Midbrain –> Pons –> Medulla
What 3 things does the reticular formation do?
* What part of the brain is it apart of?
1) Monitors/Controls consciousness
2) Regulates arousal
3) Regulates alrtness
Part of the brainstem
KNOW: CNS drugs that affect the individuals arousal state tend to exert their effects on the reticular formation
* makes sense this area does arousal and alrtness
EX: Sedatives decrease activity, caffeine increases activity
What is considered the little brain?
Cerebellum
Which part of the brain coordinates motor activity?
Cerebellum
Which part of the brain is responsible for comparing the actual movement with the intended motor pattern?
Cerebellum
It can make in the moment intrinsic adjustments
Which part of the brain controls the vestibular mechanisms resposnible for maintaining balance and posture?
Cerebellum
Damange to the cerebellum leads to ipsilatearl or contralateral deficits?
Ipsilateral
There is minimal crossing of these tracts
KNOW: for the cerebellum therapeutic medications are not usually targeted directly for the cerebellum, but incoordination and other movement disorders may result if a drug exerts a toxic side effect on the cerebellum (because it coorinates motor activity)
What two things does the limbic system do?
1) Emotional
2) Behavioral activity
What strucutres is the limbic system made from? (7)
1) Amygdala
2) Hippocampus
3) Cingulate gyrus
4) Hypothalamus
5) Thalamic nuclei
6) Mammilary bodies
7) Septum pellucidum
And others
NOTE: These are very deep structures
KNOW: For the limbic system CNS drugs affecting these aspect of behavior, including some antianxiety and antipsychotic medications, are believed to exert their beneficial effects primarily by altering activity in the limbic structures
* Remember limbic system does emtional and behavioral activity
KNOW: They gray matter (central butterfly) is an area of the spinal cord for synaptic connection between neurons
Surrounding white matter: myelinated axons, ascending/descending tracts between brain and SC
How many pairs of spinal nerves are their?
31 pairs
Cervical region, spinal nerves are found above or below the corresponding vertebrae?
- Except which one?
Above
Except the 8th spinal nerve which is found below C7 and above T1
The rest of the spinal nerves below this are found below their respective vertebrae
Do the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx spinal nerves run above or below their number?
Below
EX: L2 spinal nerve runs inferior to L2 vertebrae
What is the white matter in the spinal cord?
Myelinated axons, ascending/descending tracts between brain and SC
KNOW: Spinal cord
- Certain CNS drugs exert some or all of their effects by modifying synaptic transmission in specific areas of gray matter, while other CNS drugs, such as narcotic analgesics, may exert an effect on synaptic tranmission in the gray matter of the cord as well as on synapses in other areas of the braun
- Some drugs may be specificially directed toward the white matter of the cord. Drugs such as local anesthetics can block action potential propagation in the white matter so that ascending or descending information is interrupted (ex - a spinal block)
What 3 arteries come off of the vertebral artery?
1) Anterior spinal arteries
2) Posterior spinal arteries
3) Posterior inferior cerebrallar artery
The anterior and posterior spinal arteries branch off what artery?
* What two areas of the brain do they supply?
Branch off the vertebral artery
Supply the
1) Spinal cord
2) Medulla
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery branches off what artery?
* It supplies what two structures?
Branches off the vertebral artery
Supplies the:
1) Medulla
2) Cerebellum
What artery turns into the basilar artery?
Vertebrals come together as the basilar artery
The basilar artery is the combination of the two vertebral arteries. The basilar artery branches into what 4 arteries?
1) Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
2) Superior cerebellar arteries
3) Posterior cerebral artery
4) Posterior choroidal artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the superior cerebellar arteries branch off of what artery?
* What two areas do they supply?
Branch off of the basilar artery
Supply the:
1) Pons
2) Cerebellum
The posterior cerebral artery branches from what artery? What 3 areas does it supply blood to?
Branches from the basilar artery
Supplies blood too:
1) Midbrain
2) Occipital lobe
3) Temporal lobe
The posterior choroidal artery is a branch off what artery? What 3 areas does it supply blood to?
Branch off the basilar artery
Supplies blood to:
1) 3rd ventricle
2) Thalamus
3) Hypothalamus
The intenral artery branches into what 3 arteries?
1) Anterior choroidal
2) Anterior cerebral artery
3) Middle cerebral artery
The anterior choroidal artery is a branch from what artery?
* It supplies what 5 areas?
Branch off the internal carotid artery
Supplies:
1) Lateral ventricle
2) Visual pathway
3) Basal ganglia
4) Internal capsule
5) Hippocampus
The anterior cerebral artery is a branch off what artery?
* It supplies what two areas
Branch off the internal carotid artery
Supplie:
1) Frontal lobe
2) Parietal lobe
The middle cerebral artery is a branch off what artery?
* It supplies what 3 things?
Branch off the internal carotid
Supplies:
1) Basal ganglia
2) Internal capsle
3) Most of lateral hemisphere
Circle of willis:
* ACA, ICA, PCA (x2) anastomse with 3 smaller arteries (1 ant/2 post communicating arteries)
* Allows distribution of blood to hemispheres if blockage present (MCA not part of it - damage here is very bad because it doesnt have a way to route blood around because its not part of the circle of willis)
* SO HELPS w/ BLOCKAGE
review
Lateral corticalspinal tract does what?
Motor