Lecture 2 - Forecast and Models Flashcards
What is the understanding of enabling technology?
- The concept of combining computers, sensors, and networks to monitor and control devices has existed for decades.
- The recent confluence of several technology market trends, however, is bringing the Internet of Things closer to widespread reality.
- These include Ubiquitous Connectivity, Widespread Adoption of IP-based Networking, Computing Economics, Miniaturization, Advances in Data Analytics, and the rise of Cloud Computing.
What are some of the settings for IOT applications?
Human
- Devices attached or inside the human body
- eg: Devices (wearables and ingestible) to monitor and maintain human health and wellness; disease management, increased fitness, higher productivity
Home
- Buildings where people live
- eg: Home Controllers and Security Systems
Retail Environments
- Spaces where consumers engage in commerce
- eg: Stores, banks, restaurants, arenas – anywhere consumers consider and buy; self-checkout, in-store offers, inventory optimization
REFER TO SLIDES FOR MORE
Technical Challanges - Sensor (application and how does it work)
- Sensors
Applications —edge computing and IoT, smart cities, smart manufacturing, hospitals, industrial, machine learning, and automotive.
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How does it work: helps to capture data about what is happening in our analog world, and then digitize the data so it can be processed, stored, combined, mined, correlated, and utilized by both humans and machines.
Technical Challanges - Sensor challanges to consider
- Energy and power efficiency are critical
- Some type of always-on circuitry for faster boot-up or to detect motion, gestures, or specific keywords. In the past these types of functions typically were built into the central processor -> now considered being wasteful of energy
- Developing a flexible system optimized with dedicated processors, as well as hardware accelerators offloading the host processor, seems to be emerging as a basic requirement
- Sensor data capture, fusion processing, and communication tasks, resulting in more power-efficient use of processing resources
What is Miniaturization of Sensors?
- Objects have characteristics of both particles and waves(wave–particle duality); and there are limits to how accurately the value of a physical quantity can be predicted prior to its measurement, given a complete set of initial conditions (the uncertainty principle).
- Quantum sensor utilizes properties of quantummechanics, which have optimized precision and beat current limits in sensor technology
How are the Networks changing (extensions, expansion and enchancements)?
Extensions
– More nodes, more connections, IPv6 (128-bit addresses) as compared to IPv4 (32-bit address space)
– Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING
– M2M, IoT
* Billions of interconnected devices,
* Everybody connected.
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Expansions
– Broadband & LPWAN
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Enhancements
– Data-centric and content-oriented networking
– Context-aware (autonomous) systems (knowing the surrounding environment through sensors)
What is Data Centric Networking?
In a nutshell, the idea is this: routing, storage, and querying techniques for sensor networks can all be made more efficient if communication is based directly on application-specific data content instead of the traditional IP-style addressing
What is Content-oriented networking
- Consumers request content by sending an Interest message with the name of the desired content.
- The network routes the interest based on the name using longest prefix match.
- When a match is found (when an Interest matches a Content Object) the content is sent back on the reverse path of the Interest.
- Interest messages may be matched against caches along the way, not only at the publishers.
What are some Internet of Things Communications Models
- Device-to-Device Communications
- Device-to-Cloud Communications
- Device-to-Gateway Model
- Back-End Data-Sharing Model
What is Device-to-Device Communications?
- The device-to-device communication model represents two or more devices that directly connect band communicate between one another, rather than through an intermediary application server.
- These devices communicate over many types of networks, including IP networks or the Internet.
- Often, however these devices use protocols like Bluetooth, Z-Wave or ZigBee to establish direct deviceto-device communications
What is Bluetooth?
- Bluetooth transmission power is limited to 2.5 milliwatts, giving it a very short range of up to 10 metres (33 ft).
- It employs UHF radio waves in the ISM bands, from 2.402 GHz to 2.48 GHz.
- Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 35,000 member companies.
- As IEEE 802.11 is wifi standard, similarly the IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1 but no longer maintains the standard.
What is Z-Wave?
- Z-Wave is a wireless communications protocol used primarily for home automation.
- It uses low-energy radio waves to communicate from appliance to appliance, allowing for wireless control of residential appliances and other devices, such as lighting control, security systems, thermostats, windows, locks,
swimming pools and garage door openers. - Z-Wave automation system can be controlled via the Internet.
- Z-Wave use mesh architecture network.
- 232 nodes can be connected to Z-Wave network. Bridging option can increase the number of nodes.
- Z-Wave uses the unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band operating on varying frequencies globally Europe it operates at the 868-869 MHz band while in North America the band varies from 908-916 MHz
What is Zigbee?
- Zigbee is an IEEE 802.15 based specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used to create personal area networks
- It works with small, low-power digital radios, such as for home automation, medical device data collection, and other low-power low-bandwidth needs, designed for small scale projects which need wireless connection.
- Hence, zigbee is a low-power, low data rate, and close proximity (i.e., personal area) wireless mesh ad hoc network.
- Transmission distances to 10–100 meters (30’ to 300’) line-of-sight, depending on power output and environmental characteristics.
- Zigbee networks are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys.
- Zigbee has a defined rate of up to 250 kbit/s, best suited for intermittent data transmissions from a sensor or input device.
- Zigbee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands, including 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide.
- Some devices also use 784 MHz in China, 868 MHz in Europe and 915 MHz in the US and Australia, even those regions and countries still use 2.4 GHz for most commercial Zigbee devices for home use.
- Data rates vary from 20 kbit/s (868 MHz band) to 250 kbit/s (2.4 GHz band).
What is Zigbee based on?
- Zigbee technology is based on IEEE 802.15.4 developed by Zigbee Alliance
- Zigbee is good for short range but it requires large number of nodes to cover larger range, and maintenance cost increases manifold
- While designing the standard, the emphasis was on low power instead of low energy. Low power results in short range, thus increasing number of nodes and maintenance cost.
- Energy = Power x Time , so a better design could have worked on high power for very short amount of time and hibernating for rest.
- An undue emphasis on cost, instead of looking at a bigger model affected the standard. With high number of nodes covering a larger area, the maintenance cost surpasses the Zigbee hardware cost manifold.
