Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KLowe Chemistry And Physics Larmon > Lecture 2: Fluids/Solutions Study Guide for Quiz > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Fluids/Solutions Study Guide for Quiz Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards AP® Physics flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are two types of fluids?

A

Liquids and gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fluids take the ___

A

Shape of their container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does Pascal’s principle state about pressure?

A

Pressure is exerted equally regardless of the size of the container—i.e.: arterial blood pressure monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do hydrometers measure?

A

Density of fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is hydrodynamics?

A

The study of fluids in motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

Flow that is smooth, orderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Flow that is chaotic, always changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In anesthesia, we strive for ___ flows

A

Laminar flows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the venturi flow meter?

A
  • Venturi flow meter was originally used to measure speed in a pipe—they found that the speed was greatest at the narrowest part of the pipe
  • Today, Venturi flow meters are the basis behind nebulizers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Pouisielle’s Law?

A

The laminar flow rate is proportional to the fourth power of the pipe’s radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pouiseuille’s Law applies to ___ flow only

A

Laminar flow only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What two things have the greatest effect on laminar flow?

A

Radius and length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 3 possible ways to increase the fluid flow rate through a catheter or needle (based on Poiseuille’s Law)?

A
  1. Raise IV bag height or add a pressure bag
  2. Use a large gauge IV catheter
  3. Use a shorter length IV catheter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Bernoulli’s Principle?

A

Pressure of a fluid varies inversely with speed—as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bernoulli’s principle—an increase in speed = a ___ in pressure

A

Decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bernoulli’s principle—a decrease in speed = ___ in pressure

A

Increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

According to Bernoulli, pressure is ___ in the narrow part of the tube

A

Lower (because speed increases in the narrow part of the tube)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bernoulli’s principles are seen in the ___

A

Venturi tube flowmeter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fluids with a high viscosity…

A

Do not flow very readily (i.e.: honey)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fluids with a low viscosity…

A

Flow more easily (i.e.: water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The closer a molecule is to a wall, the ___ it moves

A

Slower (speed is essentially zero)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Molecules in the center move…

A

The fastest (parabolic shape, laminar flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Less viscosity =

A

Better flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does length affect flow?

A

More length = less flow

Shorter = more flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Speed of fluid vs. cross-sectional area

A

Speed of fluid is INVERSELY proportional to the cross-sectional area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Flow rate =

A

Volume/time (i.e.: 3L/min)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Flow is directly proportional to the ___ power of the radius

A

Fourth power

29
Q

If you double the radius of your tube (i.e.: ETT, IV tubing), you would increase the flow by ___

A

16 (2^4)

30
Q

If you triple the radius of your tube, you would increase the flow by ___

A

81 (3^4)

31
Q

What has the most dramatic effect on flow?

A

A change in radius

32
Q

How does the length of a tube affect flow?

A
  • Shorter tube has more flow through it

- Longer tube has less flow through it

33
Q

Viscosity of blood

A

Blood is viscous; flows slowly

34
Q

Increase in viscosity =

A

Decrease in flow

35
Q

Decrease in viscosity =

A

Increase in flow

36
Q

Viscosity is related to ___ flow

A

Laminar flow

37
Q

Density is related to ___ flow

A

Turbulent

38
Q

What increases when flow becomes turbulent?

A

Resistance

39
Q

What can you do to lessen turbulent flow?

A

Change the density when you have turbulent flow—decrease the density to make the flow less turbulent (i.e.: heliox is less dense than oxygen, makes the flow less turbulent)

40
Q

What is Reynold’s number?

A

The measure of the tendency for turbulence to occur

41
Q

When Reynold’s number rises above ___, turbulence will usually occur

A

2000

Even in a straight, smooth vessel!

42
Q

Reynold’s number is directly proportional to ___

A

Velocity (how fast it’s flowing), density, and diameter

43
Q

Reynold’s number is INVERSELY proportional to ___

A

Viscosity

44
Q

What is a solution?

A

A homogeneous mixture that consists of one or more solutes uniformly dispersed throughout a medium known as a solvent

45
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Part of a solution; present in the larger amount

46
Q

What is a solute?

A

Part of a solution; present in the smaller amount

47
Q

Molality (m)

A

Moles of solute / kg solvent

48
Q

Molarity (M)

A

Moles of solute / L solution

More applicable to our profession

49
Q

Molality and molarity…

A

NEVER equal each other

50
Q

What is solubility?

A

The amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent

51
Q

Lipid solubility is related to the ___ of a drug

A

Potency

52
Q

Drugs with a greater lipid solubility have a ___ potency

A

Greater potency

53
Q

Protein-binding is related to…

A

Duration of action of drugs (i.e.: local anesthetics)

54
Q

Solubility deals with the ___ of a drug

A

Potency

55
Q

Protein-binding deals with ___

A

Duration of action of a drug, particularly for local anesthetics

56
Q

Drugs with decreased solubility (i.e.: desflurane)

A

Faster induction, faster wake up…because blood and other tissues aren’t taking up the drug, the drug is going right to the target site (brain)

57
Q

Increased solubility of drugs =

A

Slower induction, slower wake up…because every place along the path is taking some of that drug, less is going to the brain

58
Q

Blood solubility of a drug determines…

A

The speed of induction (less soluble = faster, more soluble = slower)

59
Q

As temperature goes down, solubility ___

A

Increases

60
Q

Gas is more soluble at ___ temperatures

A

Cold temperatures

61
Q

Solubility =

A

Potency

62
Q

How does cardiac output relate to anesthetic gas?

A

Slow cardiac output = more anesthetic delivered to the brain because there’s more time for the gas to jump onto the alveoli, and then the blood takes it up to the brain

63
Q

Tonicity

A

Relative concentration of solutes in osmotic systems

64
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal concentration of particles

65
Q

Hypertonic

A

Greater concentration

66
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower concentration

67
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water

68
Q

Diffusion occurs from ___ to ___

A

High concentration to low concentration

KLowe Chemistry And Physics Larmon (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions