Final Exam Review Flashcards
What is an aneroid gauge?
A gauge without liquid
What is a bourdon gauge?
A type of aneroid gauge; no liquid inside
A bourdon gauge measures ___ and is seen on what types of tanks?
Gas pressures (specifically measures pressure difference between the pressure exerted by the gas in the compressed cylinder vs. atmospheric pressure)
Seen on O2, air, and N2O tanks
When the bourdon gauge reads ‘0’, is there any pressure left in the tank?
YES—once it reads 0, it still has the equivalent of atmospheric pressure in there (14 psi of atmospheric pressure remains)
A tank of gas has a gauge that reads 45 psi. If the atmospheric pressure at that time is 14 psi, how much gas is really in the tank?
P total = P gauge + P atmosphere
P total = 45 + 14 = 59 psi
1 atm = ___ psi
14 psi
1 atm = ___ torr = ___ mm Hg
1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg
Barometer is an instrument used to measure ___
Atmospheric pressure
Manometer is an instrument used to measure ___
Pressure differences
What law is the basis of pulse oximetry?
Beer Lambert’s Law
Pulse ox measures the difference between background absorption in ___ and peak absorption during ___
Diastole; systole
Infrared light— ___ nm; measures ___; corresponds with ___% sat
940 nm; measures oxyhemoglobin; corresponds with 100% sat
Red light— ___ nm; measures ___; corresponds with ___% sat
660 nm; measures deoxyhemoglobin; corresponds with 50% sat
Carboxyhemoglobin— ___ binds to hemoglobin instead of O2; shows SPO2 reading of ___; use ___
CO; SPO2 reading of 100% (inaccurate); use co-oximeter
Methemoglobin
Fe 2+ converts to Fe 3+ form; O2 cannot be transported by iron in hemoglobin
Methemoglobin is caused by what (6) things?
- Nitrates
- Nitrites
- Sulfonamides
- Benzocaine spray
- Nitroglycerin
- Nitroprusside
Methemoglobin absorbs ___ at both wavelengths
Equally
Methemglobin shows sat of ___%
85%
Treatment for methemoglobinemia
Methylene blue or ascorbic acid
What two things do NOT affect pulse ox readings?
Fetal hemoglobin and bilirubin
___ is the basis behind non-invasive blood pressure technology
Oscillometry
___ is used in pressure monitoring with transducers
Piezoelectric technology
Electricity is defined as the effects produced by ___
Moving charges
Proton =
Positive charge
Electron =
Negative charge
Fundamental principle of charge interaction—opposite charges ___; like charges ___
Opposite charges attract; like charges repel
Electric current is the amount of…
Charge flowing per unit of time
What substances allow electrons to move easily from one atom to the next?
Conductors (i.e.: metals—electron shells mostly empty)
What substances do NOT allow electrons to move easily from one atom to the next?
Nonmetals
What is the point of CO2 absorption (soda lime) in the anesthesia gas machine?
To remove/rebreathe CO2 from the patient’s exhaled air; goal is to conserve O2, agent, as well as heat
How many L of CO2/100g of absorbent?
23 L CO2/100 g of absorbent
What is the soda lime reaction that takes place when CO2 is reabsorbed?—CO2 chemically combines with ___ to form __
CO2 combines with H2O to form carbonic acid
Soda lime contains ___ that are capable of neutralizing carbonic acid
Hydroxide salts
What are the (3) reaction end products of CO2 reabsorption?
Heat, water, and calcium carbonate
What color does soda lime turn when exhausted?
Purple
Which inhalation agent forms compound A when degraded by soda lime?
Sevoflurane
CO2 reabsorption has the potential to generate ___
Carbon monoxide
What should you do with your flows when the anesthesia machine is NOT in use?
Turn off all gas flows!
What is the unit of flow rate?
M^3/s (cubic meters per second)
Narrowing causes speed to ___ tremendously
Increase
Narrowing causes flow rate to ___
Remain the same
Which principle does this describe?—as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
Bernoulli’s principle—pressure of a fluid varies inversely with speed
Bernoulli—an increase in speed = ___ in pressure
Decrease in pressure
Bernoulli—a decrease in speed = ___ in pressure
Increase in pressure
Bernoulli—pressure is ___ in the narrow part of the tube
LOWER in the narrow part of the tube because speed is greatest there (inverse relationship between speed and pressure)
The Venturi flow meter was originally used to measure ___; today, it’s the idea behind ___
Used to measure the speed of fluid in a pipe; today, it’s the idea behind nebulizer treatments
What type of change is this?—no change in the chemical makeup (i.e.: melting ice)
Physical change
What type of change is this?—always makes a chemically different substance (i.e.: 2H2O —> 2 H2 + O2)
Chemical change
What type of property is this?—may be observed/measured without changing the chemical makeup
Physical property
What are two types of physical properties?
- Intensive
- Extensive
What type of physical property is this?—integral to the material, regardless of amount (i.e.: color)
Intensive physical property
What type of physical property is this?—depends on the sample size (i.e.: volume)
Extensive physical property
What type of property is this?—describes the type of chemical changes the material tends to undergo (i.e.: flammable)
Chemical property
The following is an example of what type of change?—boiling water to steam
Physical change
The following is an example of what type of property?—liquid
Intensive physical property
The following is an example of what type of property?—mass
Extensive physical property
What is kinetic energy?
Energy of a mass in motion
What is potential energy?
Stored energy
What is the unit of measurement for energy?
Joules
What is internal energy?
The sum of the kinetic and potential energies in a system
What does STP stand for?
Standard temperature and pressure; unless stated otherwise, follow these conditions
What is standard temperature?
T = 273 K (0 degrees C)
What is standard pressure?
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
One mole of ideal gas has a volume of ___ L
22.414 L (or 22.7 according to new literature)
___ forces determine how molecules interact
Intermolecular
Intermolecular forces arise because of the attraction of ___ forces—what law does this describe?
Opposite forces—Coulomb’s Law
What type of substance does this describe?—intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold molecules rigidly in place with respect to each other
Solid
What type of substance does this describe?—molecules are held in a condensed phase, not strong enough to prevent molecules from sliding past each other
Liquid
What type of substance does this describe?—neither definite shape nor volume; intermolecular forces are essentially zero
Gas
___ are formed from metals and nonmetals
Ionic compounds
___ are formed from oppositely charge ions; generally stronger than covalent bonds; most commonly solids
Ionic bonds
What is the relative concentration of solutes in osmotic systems?
Tonicity
Equal concentrations of particles =
Isotonic
Greater concentration of particles =
Hypertonic
Lower concentration of particles =
Hypotonic
Diffusion of water is ___
Osmosis
Diffusion always occurs from ___ concentration to ___ concentration
High concentration to low concentration
What law explains why the surface tension on a blood vessel wall depends on the radius of that vessel?
LaPlace’s law
LaPlace’s law states that for cylinders, T (wall tension) =
T = Pr
T = wall tension P = pressure R = radius
LaPlace’s law—wall tension is directly proportional to ___
The radius of the vessel; as the radius increases, so does wall tension (and vice versa)
___ has greater wall tension than a capillary
Aorta > capillary
What in our bodies helps to decrease surface tension?
Surfactant
Water has a ___ (low/high) surface tension
HIGH
What is the closed path through which a charge flows?
Electric circuit
Direct current circuit—current flows in ___ direction
One direction only
Alternating current circuit—current ___ direction
Reverses
A short circuit is a ___ path resulting in a large current
Low resistance path
If current from a short circuit is NOT limited by a fuse or circuit breaker, the resulting heat from the high current can lead to ___
A fire
Series circuits—batteries or resistors are connected in ___; the voltages and resistances are ___
Connected in series; added (R total = R1 + R2)
Parallel circuits—current flows through each resistor ___; voltages/resistances are added ___
Independently; added inversely (1/R total = 1/R + 1/R)
We pay for ___, NOT electrical power
Electrical energy—power x time
What type of shock is this?—large amounts of current conducted through a patient’s skin or other tissues; extent of injury depends on the amount of current and the duration of exposure
Macroshock
What type of shock is this?—delivery of small amounts of current directly into the heart
Microshock
With Microshock, very small currents < ___ milliamps can produce V Fib
< 50 milliamps
What provides a low resistance pathway for leakage current and constitutes the major source of protection against Microshock?
Ground wire
Can you touch (simultaneously) an electrical device and a saline filled CVP line or pacing wires?
NO!!! Must wear rubber gloves
What are 3 types of safety features used to prevent electrical shock?
- Polarized plugs
- Three prong grounded plugs
- Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)
Three prong grounded plug—grounded third prong is wired directly to ___
The casing of the electrical device
Three prong grounded plug—if for some reason a high potential wire comes into contact with the case, the current will flow directly to the ___ instead of ___
Directly to the third prong instead of through your body
Polarized plugs have one narrow prong (___ potential) and one wide prong (___ potential)
Narrow prong = high potential
Wide prong = low potential
Casing in polarized plugs is connected to the ___ prong
Wide prong—low potential
GFCIs are used in circuits near ___
Water sources
What do GCFIs do if a change in current is detected?
Immediately disrupt flow
What is a disadvantage of GFCIs?
They interrupt power without warning—problematic when using life support equipment
Modern electrical circuits are typically ___ but can still pose a risk to humans—why?
Grounded
Humans at ground potential only have to touch a single object to complete the circuit, resulting in electrical shock
In the OR, electrical systems are isolated from the grounded electrical supply through the use of ___
Isolation transformers
Isolation transformers rely on magnetic inductance to transfer current from the ___ electrical system to an ___ secondary system WITHOUT ___
Grounded electrical system; an ungrounded secondary system; without the two systems touching each other
Ungrounded systems in the operating room prevent ___ from simply touching a single live wire
Accidental shocks
The line isolation monitor alarms when ___ occurs
Fault in an ungrounded system occurs
When the line isolation monitor alarms, does current still flow?
Yes, current still flows
Line isolation monitor—if live wires contact a ground, a ___ has occurred
Fault
Line isolation monitor—if a second fault occurs, it can result in ___
Shock
Line isolation monitor is set to alarm between ___ mA
2-5 mA
If the line isolation monitor is between 2 and 5 mA, there is ___
Too much equipment plugged into the circuit
If the line isolation monitor > 5 mA…
Then there is a faulty piece of equipment plugged in; unplug things until the alarm is silenced
If the line isolation monitor system alarms, make sure it is a ___
True fault—either too much equipment plugged in or a faulty piece of equipment present
Line isolation monitor is NOT designed for protection against ___
Microshock
The main objective of electrical safety is to make it difficult for current to pass through ___
People
Electrosurgery involves ___ currents; do not excite ___ cells
High frequency currents; do not excite contractile cells
Electrosurgery cannot be safely operated unless the energy is routed from the unit through the patient and back to the unit via a ___
Large surface area dispersive electrode
ESU—if the return plate is improperly applied to the patient or if the cord connecting to the return plate is broken, then high frequency electrical current will seek ___
An alternate return path (aka shock the patient)
Most important factor in preventing patient burns from the ESU is ___
Proper application of the return plate
Which gas law states the following?—pressure is directly proportional to temperature if volume is constant
Gay-Lussac’s Law
If temperature goes up, then pressure goes up (if volume is constant)
Name this gas law—if temperature goes up, then pressure goes up (if volume is constant)
Gay-Lussac’s Law
What is an example of Gay-Lussac’s Law?
N2O cylinder—when gas leaves the tank (pressure goes down), the temperature in the tank drops
Do ideal gases exist?
NO! Because ideal gases obey gas laws at all temps and pressures
Real gases deviate at ___ and/or ___
High pressure and/or low temperatures
What equation deals with the deviation in real gases from ideal gases?
Vander Waals equation
What gas law is this?—volume is inversely related to pressure; as pressure increases, volume decreases (and vice versa)
Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s law is the basis of ___
Negative-pressure breathing
What gas law is this?—volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature under constant pressure—if the absolute temperature of a gas doubles, then the volume doubles
Charles’ Law
What is an example of Charles’ Law?
ETT cuff—the volume in the cuff increases when ETT is placed inside a patient (core temp is > room temp)
Volume increases with heat/increased temp
___ law—the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture is known as its ___
Dalton’s law—partial pressure
Dalton’s law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to ___
The sum of the partial pressures
P total = P1 + P2 + P3
___ law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane is determined by the membrane itself, partial pressure gradient of the gas, and wall thickness
Fick’s Law
Fick’s law—diffusion rate of a gas is DIRECTLY proportional to what (3) things?
- Partial pressure gradient
- Membrane area
- Solubility of gas in membrane
Fick’s law—diffusion rate of a gas is INVERSELY proportional to what (2) things?
- Membrane thickness
- The sq. Root of the molecular weight
What law explains these three concepts—concentration effect; second gas effect; diffusion hypoxia?
Fick’s law
What term best describes the following?—running flows at higher concentrations to speed up induction (higher concentration = faster diffusion of gas)
Concentration effect
What term best describes the following?—using a second gas speeds up the rate of diffusion of another gas; what gas is typically used for this?
Second gas effect; nitrous
What term best describes the following?—nitrous causes hypoxia; what should you do to prevent this from happening?
Diffusion hypoxia; run 100% FiO2 after using nitrous
Henry’s Law—the amount of a non-reacting gas which dissolves in liquid is directly proportional to the ___, if temperature is constant
Partial pressure of the gas
How to calculate amount of dissolved O2 in blood?
Multiple partial pressure of O2 by 0.003 (because there is 0.003 ml of O2/100 ml blood/mmHg partial pressure of O2)
How to calculate amount of dissolved CO2 in blood?
Multiple partial pressure of CO2 by 0.067 (because there is 0.067 ml of CO2/100 ml blood/mmHg partial pressure of CO2)
Graham’s Law of Effusion states that the rate of effusion is inversely proportional to ___
The square root of the molecular mass
The rate of effusion depends on the ___ of the molecules
Speed of the molecules
Graham’s law of effusion—the square of the speed is inversely proportional to the ___, if the KE is constant
Mass
Effusion is the same process as ___
Diffusion
What is diffusion?
Movement of a substance from an area of higher to lower concentration
Effusion is the movement of ___ through ___
A gas through a small opening
Temperature effect—the amt of gas dissolved is ___ proportional to temperature
Inversely—i.e.: the colder the liquid, the more gas that will dissolve in the liquid
Ostwald’s solubility coefficient—the quantity of solvent needed to dissolve ___ at a given temperature and pressure
Dissolve a quantity of gas
Ostwald’s solubility coefficient—the higher the coefficient, the more ___; the two phases must be ___
Readily the gas dissolves in the liquid; the two phases must be specified
What is the blood gas partition coefficient?
Blood solubility of a gas, how soluble a gas is in blood
Higher blood gas coefficient =
Requires more uptake of gas into the blood, induction will be slower
Higher partition coefficient = ___ (lower/higher) lipophilicity = ___ (lower/higher) potency = ___ (lower/higher) solubility
Higher lipophilicity = higher potency = higher solubility
High solubility = ___ (more/less) anesthetic needs to be dissolved = ___ (faster/slower) onset
More anesthetic needs to be dissolved = slower onset
MAC ___ (increases/decreases) as blood gas partition coefficient increases, generally speaking
Decreases
Meyer Overton = agents with ___ (increased/decreased) oil solubility have greater potency
Increased
Vander Waals—gas molecules have ___ volumes and gas molecules ___ one another
Finite volumes; gas molecules attract one another (intermolecular attractions)
What is this describing?—thermodynamic process that occurs when a fluid expands from high to low pressure at constant enthalpy (an isoenthalpic process), expanding a fluid from high to low pressure across a valve
Joule-Thompson Effect
JT Effect—under the right conditions, this can cause ___ of fluid
Cooling
Example of the Joule-Thompson Effect
N2O tanks—as the cylinder of compressed gas empties, the cylinder cools
What does this describe?—compression in which no heat is added to or subtracted from the air and the internal energy of the air is increased by an amount equivalent to the external work done on the air
Adiabatic compression
Adiabatic compression—increase in temp of the air during adiabatic compression tends to ___ (increase/decrease) the pressure on account of the decrease in volume alone
Increase pressure
pKa =
The pH at which 50% is ionized and 50% is nonionized
The stronger the acid, the weaker the ___
Conjugate base
The weaker the acid, the stronger the ___
Conjugate base
Water is ___—can behave as either an acid or a base
Amphoteric
Weak acid naming
- Sodium
- Calcium
- Magnesium
Examples of weak acid drugs
- Barbiturates
- Thiopental
- Propofol
Weak base naming
- ___ chloride
- ___ sulfate
Examples of weak base drugs
- Lidocaine hydrochloride
- Morphine sulfate
- Versed
Nonionized drugs penetrate ___ and ___ barriers
Blood brain barrier and placental barrier
The greater the nonionized portion of a drug, the ___ (more/less) transfer to the brain and fetus
The more transfer to the brain and fetus
Because the fetus is in lower pH, the circulating non ionized drug crosses ___; once in the fetus, equilibrium is reestablished, with a greater % ___ and trapped in fetal circulation
Placental barrier; ionized
What is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?
If (temp) A = B, and B = C, then A = C (thermal equilibrium, no heat flow will occur between them)
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
A change in the internal energy of a system results from energy transferred to an object from a higher temperature + work done on the object
Energy flows into the system
Endothermic
Q > 0
Energy flows out of the system
Exothermic
Q < 0
Work done BY the system
Expansion
W < 0
Work done ON the system
Compression
W > 0
2nd law of thermodynamics
“Entropy law”—heat flows spontaneously from a hot body to a cold body when they are brought into thermal contact; heat will flow until the two temps are equal
3rd law of thermodynamics
It is impossible to lower the temperature of an object to absolute zero; there’s always some energy in the system
Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to…
Raise the temperature of 1 gram of material by one degree Celsius
Water has a very ___ (low/high) specific heat
HIGH—so a lot of energy must flow into water before its temperature will significantly change
Metals have a ___ (high/low) specific heat
Low specific heat
Materials with high specific heats are good ___
Thermal insulators because large amounts of heat cause only small changes in temperature (i.e.: water)
Materials with low specific heats are good ___
Thermal conductors (i.e.: metal pots)
___ is the heat required to raise the temperature of a given material
Heat capacity
Heat capacity = (formula)
Mass x specific heat
Radiation = ___%
40% (heat emitted from an object; requires no physical medium or contact)
Convection = ___%
30% (air above a heat source)
Conduction = ___%
20% (direct contact)
Evaporation = ___%
10% (heat loss through respiration/surgical prep)
Gases listed in order of decreasing potency
Iso > sevo > des > nitrous
Lipid solubility of a gas = ____; more lipid soluble = more ___ gas
Potency; more lipid soluble = more potent gas
Blood solubility of a gas determines ___
Onset of action (aka speed of induction/emergence)
Less blood soluble = ___ (slower/faster) onset/induction/emergence
Faster
As temperature goes down (i.e.: cold body), solubility of gas ___
Increases
N2O MAC value
104
Des MAC value
6
Sevo MAC value
2
Iso MAC value
1
Higher blood:gas ratio = ___ (less/more) blood soluble, agent stays in blood ___ (less/longer), ___ (faster/slower) induction (and vice versa)
More blood soluble, agent stays in blood longer, slower induction (and vice versa)
What type of flow is smooth, orderly, and what we strive for?
Laminar flow
What law relates to laminar flow?
Poiseuille’s law
What are 4 ways to increase flow through a tube (according to Poiseuille’s law)?
- Increase the pressure differential across the catheter (pressure gradient)
- Raise IV bag height/add a pressure bag (pressure gradient)
- Use larger gauge IV catheter
- Shorter catheter
Poiseuille’s law states that the LAMINAR flow rate of a fluid is proportional to the ___
Fourth power of the pipe’s radius!!! Applies to LAMINAR flow only!!!
Poseuille’s law applies to ___ flow only
Laminar
What are the two most important factors for laminar flow?
Radius and length
What is the MOST important factor for laminar flow?
Radius
What is turbulent flow?
Chaotic, abruptly changing
Turbulent flow is proportional to what 3 things?
- Density
- Diameter
- Velocity
Turbulent flow is INVERSELY proportional to ___
Viscosity
Laminar flow relates to ___
Viscosity
Turbulent flow relates to ___
Density
Increase in viscosity = ___ (increase/decrease) in laminar flow
Decrease in laminar flow
Decrease in viscosity = ___ (increase/decrease) in laminar flow
Increase in laminar flow
Change the ___ when you have turbulent flow
Density
___ the density to make flow less turbulent
Decrease density—i.e.: use a less dense gas for better flow
Viscosity = measure of a fluid’s ___
Resistance to flow
Fluids with a high viscosity ___
Do NOT flow very readily (and vice versa)
Reynold’s number is the measure of the tendency for ___ to occur
Turbulence
Reynold’s number > ___ = greater chance for turbulent flow
> 2000 = turbulence, even in a straight, smooth vessel!
What principle is the following?—pressure is exerted equally, regardless of the size of the container (i.e.: pressure exerted on a syringe, arterial blood pressure monitoring)
Pascal’s principle
Pressure =
Force/area
How can you increase pressure?
Increase force, decrease area
How can you decrease pressure?
Decrease force, increase area
Melting
Solid to liquid
Freezing
Liquid to solid
Vaporization
Liquid to gas
Condensation
Gas to liquid
Sublimation
Solid to gas
Deposition
Gas to solid
What are two types of covalent bonds?
- Non-polar
- Polar
What type of covalent bond is this?—two atoms of IDENTICAL electronegativity are bonded together; results in NO partial charges
Non-polar covalent bond
What type of covalent bond is this?—two atoms of DIFFERENT electronegativity are bonded together; results in partial charges
Polar covalent bond
In polar bonds, the electrons spend more time around the ___ (more/less) electronegative atom; this creates ___
More electronegative; this creates partial charges
Polar bonds—the greater the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms, the more ___ the bond
More polar
What is Avogadro’s number?
6.022 x 10^23
Avogadro’s law states that the volume of gas is proportional to ___
The number of gas molecules (at equal temperatures and pressures)
What is R?
The universal gas constant
R (universal gas constant) describes the relationship between ___ and ___
Temperature and kinetic energy
R in SI units =
8.314 J/mol/K
Dipole-dipole attraction is the attraction between ___ charges on polar molecules
Opposite/partial charges
Dipolar attractions occur only between ___ molecules
Polar
London forces are AKA ___ forces
Vander Waals forces
Vander Waals forces are generally the ___ of the three intermolecular forces
Weakest
Why do vander Waals forces occur?
D/t an uneven distribution of electrons in a molecule
Larger molecules show ___ (less/more) London forces because large molecules have more electrons
More London forces
LaPlace’s law = the surface tension of a blood vessel is directly proportional to ___
The radius of the vessel—larger radius = more surface tension
LaPlace’s law and aneurysms—aneurysms ___ (increase/decrease) surface tension in blood vessels
Decrease surface tension (spherical bulge in the vessel wall, weaken part of the vessel, leading to rupture)
___ is the pressure exerted by the most energetic molecules escaping into the gas phase at the surface of a liquid
Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure increases with ___ (increasing/decreasing) temperature
Increasing temperature (direct relationship)
The greater the intermolecular forces, the ___ (lower/higher) the vapor pressure
Lower
___ is the tendency of a liquid to evaporate
Volatility
Volatility of a liquid increases with ___ (increasing/decreasing) temperature
Increasing
A more volatile liquid has a ___ (lower/higher) vapor pressure
HIGHER
A more volatile liquid has a ___ (lower/higher) boiling point
LOWER
___ is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the ambient pressure
Boiling point
Compounds with more intermolecular forces have ___ (lower/higher) boiling points
Higher
___ is the temperature at which the solid state reversibly passes into the liquid state
Melting point
Compounds with more intermolecular forces have ___ (lower/higher) melting points
Higher
Which anesthetic gas has the highest vapor pressure?
669 mm Hg
Cation
Positive ion
Anion
Negative ion
An ___ contains only one type of atom
Element
What are two types of mixtures?
Homogenous (uniform throughout)
Heterogeneous (different components throughout)
___ and ___ are in the nucleus
Protons and neutrons
Atomic number (Z) =
Number of protons, determines identity
Example: Carbon Z = 6
Neutron number (N) =
Number of neutrons
Mass number (A) =
Z (atomic number) + N (neutron number)
Can the mass number ever be smaller than the atomic number?
NO!
Isotopes =
Same atomic number, different mass number (same number of protons, diff number of neutrons)
Elements with nearly full electron shells ___ electrons
Accept electrons; i.e.: anions
Elements with nearly empty electron shells ___ electrons
Release; i.e.: cations
Aluminum should be avoided in ___ patients
Dialysis—can build up and be toxic
Barium is used in ___
Radiographic GI studies
Calcium is important for ___, ___; found in ___, ___
Muscle contraction, bone stability; found in antacids, phosphate binders
Carbon is found in…
Activated charcoal—used in overdoses; also found in most compounds
Chlorine is used as a ___
Disinfectant (i.e.: Clorox, other cleaners)
Copper is a good ___
Conductor
What is fluorine used for?
Sodium fluoride strengthens teeth
Helium is used as ___
An MRI coolant
What is the most common atom in the universe? (> 95% of all known matter)
Hydrogen
Iodine is found in ___ and ___ medications
Topical antiseptics and anti thyroid medications
Iron is found in ___
Hemoglobin
Lithium is used as a ___
Mood stabilizer for bipolar patients
Magnesium is important for ___ conduction and ___ levels; ___ therapy; ___ (think bathroom)
Cardiac conduction and potassium levels; tocolytic therapy; laxatives
Which electrolyte should you replete first—potassium or magnesium?
Replete mag before potassium
Nitrogen is found in what inhalation agent? What % of the air is nitrogen?
Nitrous oxide (N2O); ~80% of air
Oxygen is important for ___ synthesis
ATP
Phosphorous is found in ___, ___, and ___
RNA, DNA, ATP
Low phosphorous levels may cause ___ bones and ___ failure
Brittle bones and respiratory failure
Phosphorous is supplemented in ___ forms with ___ or ___
Salt forms with sodium or potassium
Potassium is important for ___ contraction
Muscle
Potassium has an inverse relationship with ___
Insulin
Potassium is affected by ___ inhibitors, ___
ACE inhibitors, loop diuretics
Sodium is important for ___ stability, ___ balance
CNS stability, water balance
Titanium is found in ___
Prosthetic implants
Zinc is found in ___ lotion and ___block
Calamine lotion and sunblock
Zinc is important in ___
Wound healing
A colligative property depends only on the ___, not the identity of solute particles
Number of solute particles
Colligative property—the vapor pressure of a solution ___ with increasing solute concentration
Decreases
Colligative property—the boiling point of a solution ___ with increasing solute concentration
Increases
Colligative property—the freezing point of a solution ___ with increasing solute concentration
Decreases
Colligative property—the osmotic pressure of a solution ___ with increasing solute concentration
Increases
Which two elements are liquid?
Mercury and bromine
Which element melts in your hand?
Gallium
