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KLowe Chemistry And Physics Larmon > Lecture 1: Basics Of Physics > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Basics Of Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Newton’s First Law of Motion

A

An object at rest remains at rest until a force acts upon it

AKA – law of inertia

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2
Q

What is Newton’s first law of motion also referred to as?

A

Law of inertia

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3
Q

The greater the mass of an object… The ___ force is required to get it moving

A

More

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4
Q

Velocity

A

Describes how the position of an object changes with time

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5
Q

Velocity is a ___ quantity

A

Vector quantity

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6
Q

Is mass a vector quantity?

A

No–mass is a scalar quantity

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7
Q

What are vectors?

A

Vectors have both magnitude and direction

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8
Q

What is a resultant vector?

A

When you add two vector quantities together…for example, if you are walking 5 mph on a train going 30 mph (both in the same direction), then the resultant vector quantity is 35 mph.

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9
Q

Acceleration

A

Describes how velocity changes over time

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10
Q

Acceleration is a ___ quantity

A

Vector quantity–has both magnitude and direction

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11
Q

Newton’s second law of motion

A

Force = mass X acceleration

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12
Q

Acceleration is dependent upon what two variables?

A

1) the net force acting upon the object
2) the mass of the object
F = ma (Newton’s second law of motion)

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13
Q

What is the unit of measure for acceleration?

A

Meters/second ^ 2

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14
Q

What is the estimated force of gravity?

A

9.8 m/s^2

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15
Q

What is force?

A

A push or a pull; related to mass

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16
Q

Force =

A

Mass X acceleration (Newton’s second law of motion)

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17
Q

What is gravity?

A

Universal attraction between all objects; related to Newton’s third law of motion

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18
Q

What is Newton’s third law of motion?

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

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19
Q

What is weight?

A

Gravitational force exerted on an object by another larger object

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20
Q

Weight =

A

Mass X gravity (9.8 m/s^2)

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21
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force per unit area

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22
Q

Pressure =

A

Force/area

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23
Q

How can you increase pressure?

A

1) Increase the applied force (push down more)

2) Decrease the area that force is applied in

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24
Q

How can you decrease pressure?

A

1) Decrease applied force

2) Increase area

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25
Q

Units of pressure–PSI

A

Pounds per square inch

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26
Q

What is atmospheric pressure (1 atm)?

A

Standard temperature and pressure

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27
Q

1 atm =

A

=760 torr

=760 mm Hg

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28
Q

What is an Aneroid gauge?

A
  • Gauge seen on old oxygen tanks
  • Greek in origin–aneroid means “without water/liquid”
  • Change in dial relies on expansion and contraction of bellow system
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29
Q

What is a Bourdon gauge?

A
  • Aneroid style gauge–no liquid inside
  • Measures gas pressures
  • Seen on oxygen, air tanks
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30
Q

What does the Bourdon gauge measure?

A

It measures the pressure difference between the pressure exerted by the gas in the tank versus the pressure exerted by the gas in the atmosphere.

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31
Q

When the Bourdon gauge reads ‘0,’ is there any pressure left in the tank?

A

YES–there is still gas in the tank that is exerting the same amount of pressure as atmospheric pressure. Once it reads 0, it still has the equivalent of atmospheric pressure in there (14 psi = atmospheric pressure).

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32
Q

A tank of gas has a gauge that reads 45 psi. If the atmospheric pressure at that time is 14 psi, how much gas is really in the tank?

A

P total = P gauge + P atmosphere

45 + 14 = 59

33
Q

Oscillometry

A
  • Basis behind non-invasive BP technology

- Relies on measurement of blood pressure oscillations

34
Q

Piezoelectric technology

A
  • Non-electric pressure changes impact transducer, creating a voltage that is proportional to the pressure change
  • Based on the voltage received by the transducer, specific algorithms calculate the actual pressures that we can monitor
35
Q

What is work?

A

The expenditure of energy

36
Q

Work =

A

Force X distance

37
Q

What is the unit of measure for work?

A

Joules

38
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of a mass in motion

39
Q

What are state functions?

A

Mathematical functions that describe the “state” of a system

40
Q

What are 3 examples of state functions?

A
  • Volume
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
41
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work

42
Q

What is Newton’s law of conservation of energy?

A

Energy is neither created or destroyed; energy can only be converted into other kinds of energy

43
Q

Two types of energy

A
  • Kinetic energy

- Potential energy

44
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of a mass in motion

45
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy

46
Q

What are examples of potential energy?

A
  • Rock at the top of a hill
  • A spring
  • Sugar or fat
  • Thermal energy
47
Q

What is the unit of measure for energy?

A

-Joule

48
Q

Calories

A

Big C = kilocalorie, or 1000 calories

-calories from the food that we eat

49
Q

calories

A

Little C = an older unit of energy

50
Q

Internal energy

A

The sum of all energies (kinetic and potential energies) in a system

51
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

The study of energy, how it is converted from one form to another, and how it flows into and out of thermodynamic systems.

52
Q

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

A

If A is the same temperature as B, and B is the same temperature as C, then the temperature of A must equal the temperature of C (thermal equilibrium), and no heat will flow between A and C.

53
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

A change in the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of heat flow of the system and then work done by or on the system.

54
Q

Endothermic

A

Energy flows INTO the system

55
Q

Exothermic

A

Energy flows OUT of the system

56
Q

Expansion

A

Work done BY the system

57
Q

Compression

A

Work done ON the system

58
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Heat flows spontaneously from a hot body to a cold body when two bodies are brought into thermal contact. Heat will flow until the two temperatures are equal.

59
Q

Third law of thermodynamics

A

It is an impossible to lower the temperature of an object to absolute 0–there’s always some energy in the system.

60
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of randomness or disorder in a system

61
Q

What is heat capacity?

A

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a given material– mass X specific heat

62
Q

What is specific heat?

A

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

63
Q

Water and specific heat

A

Water has a very high specific heat – lots of energy must flow into water before its temperature will significantly change.

64
Q

Good thermal insulators are materials with…

A

high specific heats (because large amounts of heat will cause small changes in temperature)

65
Q

Good thermal conductors are materials with…

A

Low specific heats–i.e.: metal pots for cooking

66
Q

Four types of heat transfer:

A
  • Convection
  • Conduction
  • Radiation
  • Evaporation
67
Q

What is convection?

A
  • Heat transfer by movement of a liquid or gas

- Examples: air above a heat source, cold air blowing over patient in the OR

68
Q

How much heat (%) is transferred through convection?

A

-30%

69
Q

What is conduction?

A
  • Transfer of heat by direct interaction of molecules in a hot area with molecules in a cooler area
  • Examples: moving patient onto cold table, covering patient with warm blanket
70
Q

How much heat (%) is transferred through conduction?

A

-20%

71
Q

What is radiation?

A
  • Energy emitted from an object

- Requires no physical medium or contact

72
Q

How much heat (%) is transferred through radiation?

A

-40%

73
Q

What is evaporation?

A
  • Heat lost through respiration

- Surgical prep left on patient’s skin to dry (Betadine, alcohol prep)

74
Q

How much heat (%) is transferred through evaporation?

A

-10%

75
Q

What is thermal expansion?

A

An increase in heat will cause an object to expand

76
Q

Thermal expansion is ___ for a given material and occurs ___

A
  • constant for a given material

- occurs in all directions equally

77
Q

What is power?

A

The rate of doing work or expending energy

78
Q

What is the unit of measure for power?

A

Watt

KLowe Chemistry And Physics Larmon (11 decks)

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