Lecture 2 - Classifying Teams, Smallpox Flashcards
Why is classification used for teams?
To better understand the function and needs of different types of teams
What are the two classifications of teams?
- Management Teams
- Clinical Teams
Define Clinical Teams
Clinical team refers to any team that provide clinical care directly through interaction with patients
What are the 4 types of classification of clinical teams
– True Teams
– Template Teams
– Knotwork Teams
– Network Teams
Defining Characteristics of a Work Team (7)
- Shared team goal
- Shared responsibility for achieving said goal
- Defined membership
- Authority for taking action to achieve the goal
- Interdependency of team members
- Absence of larger sub-groups
- Accountability to a larger organization
Define:
True Team
- Technical term for a team that has all of the 7 defining characteristics of the team PLUS STABILITY OF MEMBERSHIP overtime
- Clear leaders
- Provider clinical care over extended periods of time of for repeated time limited episodes
Strengths:
True team
- Potential for strong commitment to shared purpose
- Members’ mutual knowledge of each other as team members
- Potential for high levels of trust
- Higher likelihood of mutual accountability
- Strong identification by members of the team
- High levels of interdependence
- Opportunities to fit roles to individuals’ interest and skills
- Lower error rates
Weakness/Potential Pitfalls:
True Team
- Effective leadership needed; not all teams may have this
- Decisions must be made in such a fashion as to secure agreement amongst team members
- Those who do not agree with an important decision may feel isolated
- Must be able to resolve intrapersonal conflict
Define:
Template Team
- Have the 7 characteristics and a clear leader.
- They DO NOT have stable membership
- Typically provide time limited episodes of healthcare – Think code teams, OB teams
- Changing membership defines template teams
- Every time the team provides clinical care, the roles and procedural routines remain stable/the same
Strengths:
Template Team
- Potential for reliable processes and outcomes
- Capacity for swift trust
- Rapid responsiveness to the needs of the patients whom they serve
- Resistance to deterioration of performance due to changes in personnel
Weakness/Potential Pitfalls:
Template Team
- Poor Leadership is a risk (Leader will deal with short-term issues as the team is not always assembled in the same fashion)
- Unclear role definitions (If someone is not entirely sure what their role is, the quality of the performed task will suffer)
- Inadequate Training (In order to perform tasks, training must be substantial and reliable)
Define:
Knotworks
- Teams that come together temporarily in order to care for a patient; these teams have no clear leader or stable membership
- Provide care for a specific need (Think of physicians working together temporarily together like in a knot)
- DO NOT have the 7 criteria of a true team
- They lack clear leaders and do not have stable membership
- Characteristics it has: shared goal, shared responsibility, authority for taking action, and interdependency of members
- Characteristics it lacks: it has the presence of independent subgroups, not accountable to anyone outside of the knotwork, no defined membership
Strengths:
Knotwork
- Flexibility of membership
- Rapid responsiveness to patient and family needs
Weakness:
Knotwork
- Poor leadership, often compromised because it is shared
- Lack of agreement on leadership and other roles
- Absence of common expectations for communication
Define:
Networks
• Defined as “complexes of links between individuals and organizations, driven largely by the interests of the parties and their recognition of the value of working together”
– Provide information to other physicians to aid patient care
- A looser grouping than those of knotworks
- Have no characteristics of work teams (the 7 characteristics)
- They show cooperation and shared interests
- No defined leaders, membership, or responsibility
- Meet together to further individual goals, which will ultimately help patient care
Which Clinical teams have:
All 7 Characteristics of Work Teams
- True Team
2. Template Team
Which Clinical teams have:
Stable Membership
- True Team
Which Clinical teams have:
Clear Leadership
- True Team
2. Template Team
Which Clinical teams have:
Shared Responsibility
- True Team
- Template Team
- Knotwork
What are some public health milestone of the 20th century?
- Immunizations
- Control of Infectious Diseases
- Fluoridation of drinking water
- Motor vehicle safety
- Tabacco Control
- Preventing Birth Defects
In the last century, these interventions have led to the addition of ____ years to the lifespan of the average adult in the USA
30 years
22 years in other parts
When was the first attempt to protect against smallpox?
China in 6th century
Define:
Variolation
inoculation of matter taken from smallpox pustules through a scratch in an arm or vein
(Goal get small infection and recover with immunity)
Poxvirus
– Largest type of virus, almost visible with light microscopy
– Includes variola (smallpox), molluscum contagiosum, cowpox, monkey pox
• Many poxviruses are only present in animals
– These share common antigenic components with small pox which allow for the
production of a vaccine
T/F
Smallpox virus is only found in humans
True
only found in humans
How is smallpox spread
Spread mainly by viral shedding -> coughing, sneezing
What happens after inhalation of smallpox
- Reproduces in respiratory tract
- Disseminates through blood (viremia) and lymphatic to replicate
- Spread to organs and skin
What is the incubation period of smallpox?
Roughly 12 days
Infected but symptom free
What happens after the incubation period and symptoms such as high fever, backache start…
- Characteristic red rash (red spots) that starts in the mouth (these break open and spread virus.. contagious here)
- Rash appears on skin and spreads to all parts of the body within 24 hours
- Day 3 rash becomes raised bumps
Day 4 - Bumps have thick fluid and a depressed center - Bumpts become raised pustules with white cloudy liquid –> pustules scab –> scabs fall off leaving pitted scars –> PERSON IS CONTAGIOUS UNTIL ALL SCABS FALL OFF
Smallpox vs. Chickenpox:
Fever onset
Smallpox: 2-4 days before rash
Chickenpox: At time of rash
Smallpox vs. Chickenpox:
Rash Apperance
Smallpox: Pocks at same stage
Chickenpox: Several stages
Smallpox vs. Chickenpox:
Development
Smallpox: Slow
Chickenpox: Rapid
Smallpox vs. Chickenpox:
Distribution
Smallpox: More on arms & legs
Chickenpox: More on body
Smallpox vs. Chickenpox:
On palms & Soles
Smallpox: Usually present
Chickenpox: Usually absent
Smallpox vs. Chickenpox:
Death
Smallpox: More than 10%
Chickenpox: Very uncommon
People with smallpox are at an extreme risk of death in ____________ form
Hemorrhagic
The clinical definition of smallpox:
- is an illness with acute onset of fever equal to or greater than 38.3 °C (101 °F) - followed by a rash characterized by firm, deep seated vesicles or pustules in the same stage of development without other apparent cause
Smallpox eradication time line
1959 - WHO declares mission
1971 - Western hemisphere free
1977 - last endemic case recorded in Somalia
1980 - Eradication declared
Four unique factors regarding smallpox eradication:
– Human beings were the only known reservoir for the virus
– No asymptomatic carrier state existed
– An effective vaccine was available
– Vaccination of contacts resulted in prevention or modification of disease
Strategies used for smallpox eradication
- Direct vaccination
- Actively seeking cases
- Quaranine
- Increased efficiency of delivery
- Specialized vehicles to reach off road areas
Smallpox Eradication
Breaking down the 7 characteristics
- Team Goal:
- Shared Responsibility
- Defined Membership
- Authority for taking action:
- Interdependency of members
- Absence of subgroup
- Accountability to larger organization
– Team Goal: Provide the means and plans to eradicate smallpox
– Shared Responsibility: SEU was primary organization and composed of these 10 people
– Defined Membership: members specifically appointed to group
– Authority for taking action: WHO responded to requests from group
– Interdependency of Members: would travel to different areas and respond to reports
– Absence of Subgroup: no additional staff was hired for the most part
– Accountability to larger organization: to the WHO
