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Anatomy > Lecture 2 - Cellular Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Cellular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Forms the outer, limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment

  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Containing cholesterol and proteins (integral and peripheral)
  • some Carbohydrates (externally)
  • Contains receptors for communication
  • Forms intercellular Connections
  • Acts as physical barrier to enclose cell contents
  • Regulates material movement into and out of cell
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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

General term for all cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Contains -

  1. Cytosol (Viscous fluid) (Gell like)
  2. Inclusions (Nonfunctional structures that store cellular products)
  3. Organelles (tiny structures that perform specific cellular functions) (Heterogeneous)

Place of many metabolic processes of the cell; stores nutrients and dissolved solutes

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3
Q

Cytosol

A
  • Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes (Ions, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other small molecules)
  • Provides support for organelles
  • Serves as viscous medium through which diffusion can occur
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4
Q

Organelles

A
  • Membrane bound and non membrane bound structures that have unique functions and activities
  • **Carry out specific metablolic activites of the cell **
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5
Q

Inclusions

A

Nonfunctional, temporary structures that store cellular products

  • Droplets of melanin, protein, glygocen granules, or lipid
  • usually non membrane bound
  • **Function - to store materials **
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6
Q

Nucleous

A

Surrounded by **double membrane nuclear envelope ** (2 membranes)

Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer

Contains nucleoulus and chromatinm (strands of DNA)

Acts as cell control center

Controls protein synthesis (production of new proteins) so it directs the functional and structual characteristics of the cell

Controls all genetic info (DNA)

Site of ribosome subunit assembly

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7
Q

Nucleolus

A

Little

Ribosomal DNA is made

Ribosomal: site of translation (protein synthesis) using RNA

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8
Q

Nuclear envelope & nucleopores

A

Double membrane

2 processes….

1 - Making DNA from template (replication)…. DNA –> DNA

2 - Transcription DNA –> RNA (RNA goes through nucleopores to escape)

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9
Q

Membrane Bound Organelles

A
  1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
  2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough ER)
  3. Golgi Apparatus
  4. Lysosomes
  5. Peroxisomes
  6. Mitochondria
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10
Q

Non - Membrane Bound Organneles

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. Cytoskeleton
  3. Centrosome
  4. Cilia
  5. Flagellum
  6. Microvilli
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11
Q

Major Cell Components

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus

Almost all human cells share the same 3 basic constituents

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12
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER)

A

Interconnected newtowk of memrane tubules and cesicles

No ribosomes

Synthesizes lipids

Metabolizes carbs

Detoxifies drugs & alcohol

Like a folded up membonous bag

SINGLE complex membrane

contains proteins/ enzymes for specific cell functions

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13
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough ER)

A

Flattened interacellular network of membrane sacs called cisternae

Ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface

Synthesizes proteins for secretion

New proteins for the plasma membrane

Lysosomal enzymes

Transports and stores molecules

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated transport vesicles (also called Shuttle Vesicles)

Modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion

Inclusion in new plasma membrane, or lysosomal enzyme synthesis

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15
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane sacs with digestive enzymes

Digestive materials or microbes ingested by the cell

remove old/damaged organnels

self destruct (autolyze)

spherical structure

Lytic Enzymes

contain detox enzymes (breakdown toxic substances) - found in liver

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16
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membrane - enclosed sacs

Usually contain large amonts of specific enzymes to break down harmful substances

Convert Hydrogen peroxide formed during metabolism to water

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17
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane structures with cristae

Fluid matrix contents at center

Synthesize most ATP during cellular respiration

“Powerhouse of Cell” - if you see a lot of these, a lot of energy is used/needed

Contains enzymes needed for making ATP

Usually elongated cells

Aerobic respiration - oxygen is utilyzed (oxidative phosphorlation – produces ATP)

ADP+PO4 –> ATP

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Dense cytoplasmic granules with two subunits (large and small)

may be free in cytoplasm (free ribosomes) or bound to rough ER (fixed ribosomes)

Synthesize proteins for:

  1. Use in Cell (free ribosomes)
  2. Secretion, incorporation into plasma membrane, or lysosomes (fixed ribosomes)
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19
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Organized network of protein filaments or hollow tubules throughout the cell

  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate Filaments
  3. Microtubules
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20
Q

Microfilaments

A

Actin protein monomers formed into filaments

  • Maintains cell shape
  • Aid in muscle contraction and intercellular movement
  • Separate dividing cells
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21
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Various Protein Components

Provide Structural support

Stabilze cell junctions

22
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow cylinders of tubulin protein

Able to strengthen and shorten

  • Support cell
  • hold organelles in place
  • maintain cell shape and rigidity
  • direct organelle movement within cell and cell motility as cilia and flagella
  • move chromosomes at cell division
23
Q

Centrosome

A

Amorphous region adjacent to nucleus

Contains a pair of centrioles

  • Organizes microtubules
  • participates in spindle formation during cell division
24
Q

Centrioles

A

Paired perpendicular cylindrical bodies

Composed of microtubule triplets

  • Organize microtubules during cell division for movement of chromosomes
25
Q

Cilia

A

Short, membrane attached projections containing microtubles

occur in arge numbers on exposed membrane surfaces

Move fluid, mucus, and other material over the cell surface

26
Q

Flagellum

A

Long, membrane attached projections containing microtubules

Occur in large numbers on exposed membrane surfaces

Propels sperms cells in human males

27
Q

Microvilli

A

Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface

Increase membrane surface area for increased absorption and/ or secretion

28
Q

Blood cell diameter

A

10 micrometers; (Book says 7-8)

29
Q

Ovum Diameter

A

140 micrometers; (Book says 120) - Largest cell in body

30
Q

Shape: Squamous

A

flattened, like a pancake/ fried egg

31
Q

Shape: Cuboidal

A

Cube - all demensions are the same

32
Q

Shape: Columnar

A

like a column

33
Q

Shape: Stellate

A

Star shaped - multiple processes (Think 3D)

34
Q

Shape: Ovoid

A

3D oval

35
Q

Shape: Discoid

A

Disc/ Frisbee

36
Q

Shape: Spindle

A

point on each end - football/ banana

37
Q

Shape: elongated

A

…. elongated

38
Q

Shape: irregular

A

No shape

39
Q

Chemical Composition of Cells

A

Water, Electrolytes, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipid, Nucleic Acids

40
Q

Chemical Composition of Cells - Water

A

75% water compatible with earths environment -Good solvent (many things soluble in it) -High Heat capacity (absorbs a lot of heat)

41
Q

Chemical Composition of Cells - Electrolytes

A

Atoms joined by Ionic Bonds NaCl –> Na+ + Cl-

42
Q

Chemical Composition of Cells - Proteins

A

Needed for cells to function made up of amino acids amino acids bonded together forming -peptide bond Peptide bonds forming Peptide chains of amino acids Peptide chains folded up forming a PROTEIN

43
Q

Chemical Composition of Cells - Carbohydrates

A

Sugars(Gluclose) / Starches -Used to feul Cell - Form cell surface simple = monosaccharide (Just 1 glucose) glucose - glucose - fructose = polysaccharide (More than one)

44
Q

Chemical Composition of Cells - Lipids

A

-Fats and Oils - Used for energy storage - Found in Membranes - Specific cells store lipids

45
Q

Chemical Composition of Cells - Nucleic Acids

A

What forms the genetic codes

46
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid what forms the genetic codes

47
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid used to make protein intermediate form

48
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate The main currency in the cell when bond broken = energy is released Adenosin - PO4 - PO4 -/- PO4

49
Q

All human cells share the same 3 basic constituents

A

Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus

50
Q

Spindle in Cell Division

A

??

51
Q
A

Anatomy (8 decks)

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