Lecture 2 - Cells

Question 0

In immunology:

Give three examples of organs.

Answer 0

• Thymus
• Spleen
• Lymph Nodes

Question 1

What is immunology?

Answer 1

The study of the immune system.

Question 2

In immunology:

Give three examples of cells.

Answer 2

• Macrophages
• T Cells
• B Cells

Question 3

In immunology:

Give two examples of chemicals.

Answer 3

• Cytokines

- Chemokines

Question 4

In immunology:

Give two examples of molecules.

Answer 4

• CDxxx

- CDyyy

Question 5

What is the immune system for?

Answer 5

To protect the body from infection:

• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Parasites
• Cancer

Question 6

What happens when the immune system goes wrong.

Answer 6

Autoimmunity (Rheumatoid Arthritis)
Allergy (Hay fever, food allergies)
Cancer
Transplantation (Response to implants)

Question 7

What are the innate mechanisms in the

Eyes?

Answer 7

• Washing by tears

- Lysozymes

Question 8

What are the innate mechanisms in the

Skin?

Answer 8

Anatomical Barrier:
-sweat, sebum

Antimicrobial Secretions:
-lactic acid, free fatty acids

Low PH
Commensalism Microbes

Question 9

What are the innate mechanisms in the

Genitourinary Tract?

Answer 9

• Washing by urine
• acidity in urine
• Lysozymes

Question 10

What are the innate mechanisms in the respiratory tract?

Answer 10

• Mucus

- Ciliated Epithelium

Question 11

What are the innate mechanisms in the

Digestive Tract?

Answer 11

• stomach acidity
• normal flora
• intestine-alkaline pH
• mechanical flushing
• enzymes (lysozyme)

Question 12

How do Epithelial Cells prevent infection?

Answer 12

• Functional barrier

- Secrete antimicrobial molecules

Question 13

How do Goblet Cells prevent infection?

Answer 13

• secrete mucus

- traps and prevents microbial adhesion

Question 14

What happens during Asthma?

Answer 14

• increased epithelial permeability

- IFNbeta and proliferation

Question 15

What is IFNBeta and when is it deployed?

Answer 15

Interferon beta which is usually a PROTECTIVE RESPONSE TO VIRUSES.

Question 16

Name two types of stains.

Answer 16

Haematoxalin

Eosin

Question 17

What are the FIRST 4 stages of inflammation?

Answer 17

1) Bacteria/Pathogens ENTER wound
2) Platelets RELEASE blood clotting AGENTS at wound site.
3) Mast Cells SECRETE vasoconstriction/vasodilation mediators.
- Delivery of blood/plasma/cells increase
4) Neutrophils SECRETE factors which kill and degrade pathogens.

Question 18

What are the LAST 3 stages of inflammation?

Answer 18

5) Neutrophils and Macrophages REMOVE pathogens by phagocytosis
6) Macrophrages SECRETE hormones cytokines which attract immune cells that to the site and activate tissue repair cells.
7) Inflammatory response continues until foreign material is eliminated and wound is repaired.