Lecture 2 - Cells Flashcards
In immunology:
Give three examples of organs.
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Lymph Nodes
What is immunology?
The study of the immune system.
In immunology:
Give three examples of cells.
- Macrophages
- T Cells
- B Cells
In immunology:
Give two examples of chemicals.
- Cytokines
- Chemokines
In immunology:
Give two examples of molecules.
- CDxxx
- CDyyy
What is the immune system for?
To protect the body from infection:
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Parasites
- Cancer
What happens when the immune system goes wrong.
Autoimmunity (Rheumatoid Arthritis)
Allergy (Hay fever, food allergies)
Cancer
Transplantation (Response to implants)
What are the innate mechanisms in the
Eyes?
- Washing by tears
- Lysozymes
What are the innate mechanisms in the
Skin?
Anatomical Barrier:
-sweat, sebum
Antimicrobial Secretions:
-lactic acid, free fatty acids
Low PH
Commensalism Microbes
What are the innate mechanisms in the
Genitourinary Tract?
- Washing by urine
- acidity in urine
- Lysozymes
What are the innate mechanisms in the respiratory tract?
- Mucus
- Ciliated Epithelium
What are the innate mechanisms in the
Digestive Tract?
- stomach acidity
- normal flora
- intestine-alkaline pH
- mechanical flushing
- enzymes (lysozyme)
How do Epithelial Cells prevent infection?
- Functional barrier
- Secrete antimicrobial molecules
How do Goblet Cells prevent infection?
- secrete mucus
- traps and prevents microbial adhesion
What happens during Asthma?
- increased epithelial permeability
- IFNbeta and proliferation
What is IFNBeta and when is it deployed?
Interferon beta which is usually a PROTECTIVE RESPONSE TO VIRUSES.
Name two types of stains.
Haematoxalin
Eosin
What are the FIRST 4 stages of inflammation?
1) Bacteria/Pathogens ENTER wound
2) Platelets RELEASE blood clotting AGENTS at wound site.
3) Mast Cells SECRETE vasoconstriction/vasodilation mediators.
- Delivery of blood/plasma/cells increase
4) Neutrophils SECRETE factors which kill and degrade pathogens.
What are the LAST 3 stages of inflammation?
5) Neutrophils and Macrophages REMOVE pathogens by phagocytosis
6) Macrophrages SECRETE hormones cytokines which attract immune cells that to the site and activate tissue repair cells.
7) Inflammatory response continues until foreign material is eliminated and wound is repaired.
