Lecture 2 - C 3,5 Flashcards
what are 2 domains of human information processing?
human information processing
- sensory systems - vision, audition, tactile
- cognition - attention, perception, memory, language, decision making
2 properties that describe visual waves
- wavelength - determines hue
- amplitude - determines brightness
whats the CIE color system
the CIE color system represents all colors in terms of 2 primary colors of long and medium wavelength
wich receptors mostly in the fovea?
cones
what is the difference between visual acuity and sensitivity to motion with respect to where it is perceived?
> acuity declines quickly when not on fovea
> sensitivity to motion does not decline
what advantages do rods have to cones?
rods are more sensitive to light
> better night vision
what is scotopic vision?
what is photopic vision?
scotopic: vision at night > only rods active
photopic: enough illuminance, both rods and cones active
to what wavelength are rods especially insensitive?
what implications does that have?
rods are especially insensitive to long wavelength (red)
> illuminating objects in red light at night does not destroy the rods adaptation to the dark
what are 3 cues to depth perception
- accomodation
> change in lens shape tells how far the object is
- convergence
> amount of inward rotation of the eyeball
- binocular disparity
> perception on retina is different on both eyeballs
accomodation, convergence and binocular disparity are all:
> bottom-up cues
> especially for shorter distances
what kind of cues are used for more distant objects?
for more distant objects we use pictoral cues
> are top down cues because they’re based on past experience
name 5 pictoral cues
pictoral cues
- linear perspective - converging of parallel lines
- relative size - knowing true size cues distance
- interposition - nearer objects obscure further ones
- light and shading - casting shadows and reflections
- textual gradients
what is meant by the “inverse problem”?
inverse problem
> world we perceive is 3D, but our retina is only 2D
what did Cherry conclude with respect to his dichotomous listening experiment?
Cherry: detailed aspects such as language, individual words and semantic content are unnoticed in unattended ear
explain the early selection theory of auditory attention
early-selection
> bottleneck at stimulus-identification
> stimuli are filtered on physical dimensions (location,loudness)
> only one of the perceptual channels is fed into the central processor
explain why the early-selection filter of auditory attention is not completely true
Treisman: filter attenuation theory
> “cocktail party effect”
> relevant information passes the filter
explain the late-selection theory of auditory attention (Deutsch & Deutsch)
late-selection theory
> bottleneck occurs after stimulus-identification
> all perceptual channels are fed into the central processor
> attentional filter selects information after
what are 3 influences on attentional control in selection history.
- goals
- selection history
- physical salience
This 3 influences together create the priority map.
what is the difference between Cover and Overt attention?
Covert: no eye movement
over: eye movement
name 2 properties of perceptual representations
perceptual representations
> are easily overwritten by new stimuli
> decay quickly
What is Visual Short Term Memory(VSTM) and name properties
Stores visual information for a few seconds in service of upcoming/ongoing cognitive processes.
- Can survive eye movements, eye blinks and other visual interruptions
- Only a limited amount of information to be maintained in a readily-accessible state
what can influence the capacity of the phonological loop?
phonological loop capacity can is larger for items that are easy to rehearse
signal detection theory:
what are the consequences of choosing a more
- lenient
- conservative
criterion?
- lenient - more false alarms, less misses
- conservative - more misses, less false alarms
what does sensitivity reflect in SDT?
Signal detection theory: sensitivity
> the proportion of hits and correct rejections from to total amount of decisions
> expresses how good an operator is at discriminating signal from noise
> is higher when there are more correct responses and fewer errors
2 influences on sensitivity
- strength of signal
- ability of operator
what does response bias express (in SDT)
response bias:
> probability that the operator will respond “yes”
> “yes”/total decisions
which 2 variables affect response bias?
- expectancy - if operator expects to find signal, this increases proportion “yes”
- values - cost and benefit from hits and misses
name 4 factors that drive the selection of channels we attend to
- salience
- effort
- expectancy
- value
