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FHB Exam 1 - Cardiovascular Physiology > Lecture 2 - ANS > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly state the 7 steps of synaptic transmission:

A
  1. pre-synaptic membrane depolarizes due to AP
  2. NT’s packed in vesicles and docked at pre-synaptic v.
  3. Voltage gated CA channels open w/depolarization, calcium enters pre-synaptic t.
  4. increase in calcium –> fusion of vesicle with pre-synaptic membrane
  5. NT released into synaptic cleft
  6. NT bind to recepts in post-syn membrane
  7. Post-synaptic receptors activated and trigger event
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2
Q

After Ca enters the pre-synaptic terminal, what occurs?

A

Vesicles containing NT’s released into cleft

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3
Q

What binds the vesicles to the membrane?

A

SNARE proteins

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4
Q

Botulinum toxins and Tetanus cut what proteins and prevent the binding of the vesicle?

A

SNARE proteins

- prevent synaptic vesicle fusion & NT release

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5
Q

What kind of paralysis does Botulinum cause? Tetanus?

A
  1. Flaccid Paralysis

2. Spastic Paralysis

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6
Q

Botulinum toxin affects what fibers?

A

Cholinergic fibers

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7
Q

TetX is taken up by inhibitory neurons where? Causing what?

A

SPinal cord

  • SPASTIC paralysis
  • UPM
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8
Q

NT’s released from vesicles bind what kind of receptors when propagating an electrical signal?

A

IONOTROPIC

  • AChR, GABA
  • allow ion influx –> Post-synaptic current = PSC
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9
Q

What is PSC? PSP?

A

Post Synaptic Current

Post Synaptic Potential

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10
Q

Ionototropic receptors allow ion influx leading to what 2 events?

A

PSC & PSP

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11
Q

Is the release of NT from vesicles an AP?

A

NO

  • it is a PSP
  • graded response propagated passively
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12
Q

How can one get an AP from a PSP?

A

integration of signals

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13
Q

EPSP’s cause what changes in the membrane? Are these AP’s? What do they increase the probability of?

A
  1. MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION
    - influx of cautious bring membrane to zero
  2. NOT APs!!! but can generate AP if strong enough
  3. increase probability of AP firing
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14
Q

What are some inhibitory NT’s? What influx do they cause?

A
  1. GABA, Glycine

2. Influx of Cl- (IPSC)

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15
Q

What two events can IPSP cause? Do ESPS do the same?

A
  1. membrane depolarization & hyper polarization

ESPS’s do NOT cause hyper polarization

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16
Q

Which of the two stabilizes the Em at negative potential?IPSP or EPSP?

A

IPSP!!

  • reduce probability of AP firing
  • away from AP threshold (graph is upside down)
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17
Q

Synaptic integration, or the effect of EPSP’s and IPSP’s depends on what?

A

Location at the neuron

- timing

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18
Q

Two AP’s happening a the same time in different locations are called:

A

Spatial Summation

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19
Q

Sequence of AP’s in the same place, close in time are called:

A

Temporal Summation

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20
Q

What are the 2 main functions of ANS?

A
  1. Homeostasis
  2. Respond to external stimuli

(light, external threat –> FIGHT OR FLIGHT)

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21
Q

In the ANS, what controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle & glands? What modulates organ activity and are accompanied by visceral afferents?

A

Effector system

  • EFFERENT FIBERS (motor fibers)
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22
Q

What are the 8 main Autonomic NT’s?

A
  1. Acethylcholine (ACh),
  2. Norepinephrine (NE).
  3. ATP,
  4. NO
  5. 5HT,
  6. GABA
  7. dopamine
  8. glutamate
 Epinephrine is a central neurotransmitter, but in the ANS its
function is mainly hormonal.
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23
Q

What type of post-synaptic receptor does Neuron-Viscera use?

A

Metabotropic!!!

= slower

  • neuron to neuron 7 neuron to SkM both use INOTROPIC (fast)
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24
Q

What type of NT effect does Neuron-Viscera have?

A

Variable

the other two are direct

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25
Q

Which type of muscle has adventitial (outermost) perivascular varicose nerves? (around a blood vessel)

A

VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE

  • visceral smooth muscle has them all throughout
  • VASCULAR ONLY AT THE TOP!!! uses coupled cells
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26
Q

What is the only place using NMJ?

A

Neuron- Skeletal Muscle

27
Q

Which of the two: vascular or visceral, contains connections and highly interconnected neurons?

A

VISCERAL!!

  • ex: better coordination of heart contraction

VASCULAR has coupled cells but NOT interconnected (synapses are found on top)

28
Q

Cardiac myocytes have what type of synapses?

A

Synapse en-passant

  • junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends
29
Q

Describe the following for NE:

  1. Where made
  2. Termination
  3. Location of degrading enzymes
A
  1. in Vesicles, from DOPA
  2. interact with adrenergic receptors
    - NE action terminated by re-uptake into cytosol & degradation (MAO, COMT)
  3. Cytosol, mitochondria, circulation
30
Q

Describe the following for Cholinergic transmission:

  1. Where made
  2. Termination
  3. Location of degrading enzymes
A
  1. CYTOSOL from choline (transported by vesicles)
    - rich in egg yolks, liver, soy beans
  2. inactivated by HYDROLYSIS via acetyl cholinesterase (AChE)
  3. Re-uptake into the PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL for reuse
31
Q

WMD’s like sarin gas inhibit what?

A

Inhibit cholinesterases

  • thus cannot degrade acetylcholine
  • OVERSTIMULATION causes convulsion, paralysis, respiratory failure
32
Q

What are the current treatments of WMD’s?

A
  1. Diazepam (sedative against seizures)
  2. Atropine - block muscarinic AChR’s
  3. Pralidozinme - recover AChE function!!!
33
Q

What is a limitation of WMD antidotes?

A

DO not enter brain well, do not offer long-term protection

34
Q

What are the functions of the following WMD treatments?:

  1. Diazepam
  2. Atropine
  3. Pralidozinme
A
  1. Diazepam (benzodiazepine) - sedative to prevent seizures
  2. Atropine - block muscarinic AChR’s
  3. Pralidoxime - recover AChE function!!!
35
Q

What is the term for the resting level of activity that permits both increases and decreases in ANS?

A

BASAL TONE

36
Q

What type of innervation do target organs in ANS receive?

A

DUAL INNERVATION

- sympathetic & parasympathetic (reciprocal)

37
Q

All pre-ganglionic ANS neurons secrete what?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE!

- acts on Nicotinic Receptors
ionotropic, fast acting

38
Q

DO parasympathetic or sympathetic branch have the following:

  1. located far from target organ
  2. Short Pre-ganglionic fibers
  3. located in C8, Thoracic and lumbar segments
  4. Have ipsilateral ganglia control (same side)
    - except intestine & pelvic viscera = bilateral!
A

SYMPATHETIC

short arms, long fingers
short pre-ganglionic, long post-ganglionics

39
Q

What are paravertebral ganglia and what are prevertebral?

A

Paravertebral = in Sympathetic Chain

Pre-vertebral = abdominal cavity

40
Q

Where does the Sympathetic Chain located?

A

Cervical to COccygeal

41
Q

What 3 Paravertebral Ganglia are fused together? What levels do they cover?

A
  1. superior cervical ganglion (C1 to C4) controls the head and neck;
  2. middle cervical ganglion (C5 and C6)
  3. stellate ganglion (C7, C8 and T1), control the heart, lungs and bronchii.
42
Q

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic axons exit the Sympathetic chain where? Post-ganglionic conduit to spinal nerves travels to the target organs through what?

A
  1. WHITE COMMUNICATING RAMUS
    - enter the PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLION at same SC level usually
  2. GRAY RAMUS
43
Q

Splanchnic nerves synapse at paravertebral or pre-vertebral ganglia?

A

Pre-vertebral

44
Q

What do sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers secrete? Parasympathetic?

A
  1. NOREPINEPHRINE

2. Acetylcholine

45
Q

What type of receptors do sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers activate?

A

METABOTROPIC receptors (alpha beta)

in target organs

46
Q

What are 2 exceptions of the sympathetic branch?

A
  1. Adrenal Medulla

2. Sweat glands

47
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic axons traveling to the adrenal medulla synapse? What is released directly into the blood stream?

A

DIRECTLY synapse with medulla

  • no post-ganglionic neuron

NE & Epinephrine directly released into blood stream

(80% of E and 20% of NE released by adrenal medulla)

48
Q

Why are sweat glands an exception of the sympathetic branch?

A
  • innervated by sympathetic branch BUT activated by ACETYLCHOLINE
  • binds to muscarinic *metabotropic receptors
49
Q

Where are parasympathetic preganglionics located?

A
  1. Brainstem (cranial nerves)
  2. S3 and S4 sacral divisions of SC
    - 3,5,7,9 have parasympathetic pre-ganglionic somas

GANGLIA CLOSE TO TARGET ORGAN

50
Q

What d post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers secrete? What Receptors do they activate?

A
  1. ACETYLCHOLINE
  2. Muscarinic Cholinergic

(sweat glands are exception because they act like parasym. but part of sympathetic system)

51
Q

Why is the adrenal medulla an exception in the sympathetic branch?

A

Pre-ganglionic cholinergic activation releases NT’s DIRECTLY into blood stream

= no post-ganglionics

52
Q

What post -ganglionic fibers activate Adrenergic adrenergic receptors? Nicotinic (inotropic) cholinergic receptors?

A
  1. SYMPATHETIC = slow

2. Parasympathetic= fast

53
Q

What type of post ganglionic receptor agonist do sympathetic and parasympathetic systems use?

What type of receptor type at target organ do each use?

A
  1. both use Nicotinic receptors (fast, ionotropic) for post-ganglionic cells
  2. AT TARGET ORGAN:

Sympathetic - activate Adrenergic receptors

Parasympathetic - activate Muscarinic Receptors

( both slow and metabotropic)

54
Q

How is homeostasis achieved in ANS?

A
  1. Sensory afferent fibers - from perchery to SC & CNS
  2. Pain receptors can be activated: distention, ischemia, obstruction
  3. Pain signals travel through SYMPATHETIC nerves to SC
    - TRIGGER REFLEX ARCS
55
Q

What post-ganglionic fibers use NE as a NT? ACh?

A
  1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

56
Q

Reflexes involved in baroreceptors for example use parasympathetic or sympathetic autonomics?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

57
Q

What NT do AFFERENT fibers use?

A

GLUTAMATE

  • excitatory
  • used by Visceral Afferents (parasympathetic)
58
Q

WHat 2 cranial nerves control BP?

A

9 and 10

59
Q

What are the steps to decrease blood pressure?

A
  1. Increase in BP sensed by stretching of carotid artery and Aorta - activate MECHANORECEPTORS
    (9and 10)
  2. Afferent fibers of 9 and 10 end in vasomotor and cardioregulator centers of MEDULLA in brainstem
  3. Increase Parasympathetic stimulation = decrease heart rate
  4. Decrease Sympathetic = decrease Heart rate& contraction
  5. Blood pressure back to normal

(due to vasodilation and decreased heart rate)

60
Q

During increased BP, what occurs in the sympathetic system?

A
  1. decreased input to heart (rate and contraction reduced)
  2. decreased input to vascular smooth muscle = relaxation
  3. Decreased input to adrenal chromaffin cells = decreased epinephrine and NE secretion to the blood stream
61
Q

What are the main autonomic centers in the brain?

A
  1. Pons
  2. Medulla
  3. Hypothalamus
62
Q

What are the following autonomic systems responsible for?

  1. Pons
  2. Medulla
  3. Hypothalamus
A
  1. Micturition (urination), respiratory control
  2. Vasomotor & vasodilator, respiratory control, water intake
  3. temp reg, water intake, fight/flee, reproduction = hypothalamus
    - cortex, amygdala, and stria terminalis also responsible
63
Q

Why are chromaffin cells from adrenal medulla specialized post-synaptic neurons?

A

Decreased secretion of chromatin cells = less NE and E released

  • heart rate reduced since no NE & E released directly into bloodstream by Chromatin cells (which act like post-synaptic neurons since the adrenal medulla DIRECTLY releases NT’s into blood stream)

FHB Exam 1 - Cardiovascular Physiology (26 decks)

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