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FHB Exam 1 - Cardiovascular Physiology > Lecture 2 - ANS > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly state the 7 steps of synaptic transmission:

A
  1. pre-synaptic membrane depolarizes due to AP
  2. NT’s packed in vesicles and docked at pre-synaptic v.
  3. Voltage gated CA channels open w/depolarization, calcium enters pre-synaptic t.
  4. increase in calcium –> fusion of vesicle with pre-synaptic membrane
  5. NT released into synaptic cleft
  6. NT bind to recepts in post-syn membrane
  7. Post-synaptic receptors activated and trigger event
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2
Q

After Ca enters the pre-synaptic terminal, what occurs?

A

Vesicles containing NT’s released into cleft

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3
Q

What binds the vesicles to the membrane?

A

SNARE proteins

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4
Q

Botulinum toxins and Tetanus cut what proteins and prevent the binding of the vesicle?

A

SNARE proteins

- prevent synaptic vesicle fusion & NT release

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5
Q

What kind of paralysis does Botulinum cause? Tetanus?

A
  1. Flaccid Paralysis

2. Spastic Paralysis

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6
Q

Botulinum toxin affects what fibers?

A

Cholinergic fibers

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7
Q

TetX is taken up by inhibitory neurons where? Causing what?

A

SPinal cord

  • SPASTIC paralysis
  • UPM
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8
Q

NT’s released from vesicles bind what kind of receptors when propagating an electrical signal?

A

IONOTROPIC

  • AChR, GABA
  • allow ion influx –> Post-synaptic current = PSC
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9
Q

What is PSC? PSP?

A

Post Synaptic Current

Post Synaptic Potential

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10
Q

Ionototropic receptors allow ion influx leading to what 2 events?

A

PSC & PSP

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11
Q

Is the release of NT from vesicles an AP?

A

NO

  • it is a PSP
  • graded response propagated passively
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12
Q

How can one get an AP from a PSP?

A

integration of signals

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13
Q

EPSP’s cause what changes in the membrane? Are these AP’s? What do they increase the probability of?

A
  1. MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION
    - influx of cautious bring membrane to zero
  2. NOT APs!!! but can generate AP if strong enough
  3. increase probability of AP firing
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14
Q

What are some inhibitory NT’s? What influx do they cause?

A
  1. GABA, Glycine

2. Influx of Cl- (IPSC)

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15
Q

What two events can IPSP cause? Do ESPS do the same?

A
  1. membrane depolarization & hyper polarization

ESPS’s do NOT cause hyper polarization

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16
Q

Which of the two stabilizes the Em at negative potential?IPSP or EPSP?

A

IPSP!!

  • reduce probability of AP firing
  • away from AP threshold (graph is upside down)
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17
Q

Synaptic integration, or the effect of EPSP’s and IPSP’s depends on what?

A

Location at the neuron

- timing

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18
Q

Two AP’s happening a the same time in different locations are called:

A

Spatial Summation

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19
Q

Sequence of AP’s in the same place, close in time are called:

A

Temporal Summation

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20
Q

What are the 2 main functions of ANS?

A
  1. Homeostasis
  2. Respond to external stimuli

(light, external threat –> FIGHT OR FLIGHT)

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21
Q

In the ANS, what controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle & glands? What modulates organ activity and are accompanied by visceral afferents?

A

Effector system

  • EFFERENT FIBERS (motor fibers)
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22
Q

What are the 8 main Autonomic NT’s?

A
  1. Acethylcholine (ACh),
  2. Norepinephrine (NE).
  3. ATP,
  4. NO
  5. 5HT,
  6. GABA
  7. dopamine
  8. glutamate
 Epinephrine is a central neurotransmitter, but in the ANS its
function is mainly hormonal.
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23
Q

What type of post-synaptic receptor does Neuron-Viscera use?

A

Metabotropic!!!

= slower

  • neuron to neuron 7 neuron to SkM both use INOTROPIC (fast)
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24
Q

What type of NT effect does Neuron-Viscera have?

A

Variable

the other two are direct

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25
Which type of muscle has adventitial (outermost) perivascular varicose nerves? (around a blood vessel)
VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE - visceral smooth muscle has them all throughout - VASCULAR ONLY AT THE TOP!!! uses coupled cells
26
What is the only place using NMJ?
Neuron- Skeletal Muscle
27
Which of the two: vascular or visceral, contains connections and highly interconnected neurons?
VISCERAL!! - ex: better coordination of heart contraction VASCULAR has coupled cells but NOT interconnected (synapses are found on top)
28
Cardiac myocytes have what type of synapses?
Synapse en-passant - junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends
29
Describe the following for NE: 1. Where made 2. Termination 3. Location of degrading enzymes
1. in Vesicles, from DOPA 2. interact with adrenergic receptors - NE action terminated by re-uptake into cytosol & degradation (MAO, COMT) 3. Cytosol, mitochondria, circulation
30
Describe the following for Cholinergic transmission: 1. Where made 2. Termination 3. Location of degrading enzymes
1. CYTOSOL from choline (transported by vesicles) - rich in egg yolks, liver, soy beans 2. inactivated by HYDROLYSIS via acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) 3. Re-uptake into the PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL for reuse
31
WMD's like sarin gas inhibit what?
Inhibit cholinesterases - thus cannot degrade acetylcholine - OVERSTIMULATION causes convulsion, paralysis, respiratory failure
32
What are the current treatments of WMD's?
1. Diazepam (sedative against seizures) 2. Atropine - block muscarinic AChR's 3. Pralidozinme - recover AChE function!!!
33
What is a limitation of WMD antidotes?
DO not enter brain well, do not offer long-term protection
34
What are the functions of the following WMD treatments?: 1. Diazepam 2. Atropine 3. Pralidozinme
1. Diazepam (benzodiazepine) - sedative to prevent seizures 2. Atropine - block muscarinic AChR's 3. Pralidoxime - recover AChE function!!!
35
What is the term for the resting level of activity that permits both increases and decreases in ANS?
BASAL TONE
36
What type of innervation do target organs in ANS receive?
DUAL INNERVATION | - sympathetic & parasympathetic (reciprocal)
37
All pre-ganglionic ANS neurons secrete what?
ACETYLCHOLINE! | - acts on Nicotinic Receptors ionotropic, fast acting
38
DO parasympathetic or sympathetic branch have the following: 1. located far from target organ 2. Short Pre-ganglionic fibers 3. located in C8, Thoracic and lumbar segments 4. Have ipsilateral ganglia control (same side) - except intestine & pelvic viscera = bilateral!
SYMPATHETIC | short arms, long fingers short pre-ganglionic, long post-ganglionics
39
What are paravertebral ganglia and what are prevertebral?
Paravertebral = in Sympathetic Chain Pre-vertebral = abdominal cavity
40
Where does the Sympathetic Chain located?
Cervical to COccygeal
41
What 3 Paravertebral Ganglia are fused together? What levels do they cover?
1. superior cervical ganglion (C1 to C4) controls the head and neck; 2. middle cervical ganglion (C5 and C6) 3. stellate ganglion (C7, C8 and T1), control the heart, lungs and bronchii.
42
Pre-ganglionic sympathetic axons exit the Sympathetic chain where? Post-ganglionic conduit to spinal nerves travels to the target organs through what?
1. WHITE COMMUNICATING RAMUS - enter the PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLION at same SC level usually 2. GRAY RAMUS
43
Splanchnic nerves synapse at paravertebral or pre-vertebral ganglia?
Pre-vertebral
44
What do sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers secrete? Parasympathetic?
1. NOREPINEPHRINE | 2. Acetylcholine
45
What type of receptors do sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers activate?
METABOTROPIC receptors (alpha beta) in target organs
46
What are 2 exceptions of the sympathetic branch?
1. Adrenal Medulla | 2. Sweat glands
47
Where do pre-ganglionic axons traveling to the adrenal medulla synapse? What is released directly into the blood stream?
DIRECTLY synapse with medulla - no post-ganglionic neuron NE & Epinephrine directly released into blood stream (80% of E and 20% of NE released by adrenal medulla)
48
Why are sweat glands an exception of the sympathetic branch?
- innervated by sympathetic branch BUT activated by ACETYLCHOLINE - binds to muscarinic *metabotropic receptors
49
Where are parasympathetic preganglionics located?
1. Brainstem (cranial nerves) 2. S3 and S4 sacral divisions of SC - 3,5,7,9 have parasympathetic pre-ganglionic somas GANGLIA CLOSE TO TARGET ORGAN
50
What d post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers secrete? What Receptors do they activate?
1. ACETYLCHOLINE 2. Muscarinic Cholinergic (sweat glands are exception because they act like parasym. but part of sympathetic system)
51
Why is the adrenal medulla an exception in the sympathetic branch?
Pre-ganglionic cholinergic activation releases NT's DIRECTLY into blood stream = no post-ganglionics
52
What post -ganglionic fibers activate Adrenergic adrenergic receptors? Nicotinic (inotropic) cholinergic receptors?
1. SYMPATHETIC = slow | 2. Parasympathetic= fast
53
What type of post ganglionic receptor agonist do sympathetic and parasympathetic systems use? What type of receptor type at target organ do each use?
1. both use Nicotinic receptors (fast, ionotropic) for post-ganglionic cells 2. AT TARGET ORGAN: Sympathetic - activate Adrenergic receptors Parasympathetic - activate Muscarinic Receptors ( both slow and metabotropic)
54
How is homeostasis achieved in ANS?
1. Sensory afferent fibers - from perchery to SC & CNS 2. Pain receptors can be activated: distention, ischemia, obstruction 3. Pain signals travel through SYMPATHETIC nerves to SC - TRIGGER REFLEX ARCS
55
What post-ganglionic fibers use NE as a NT? ACh?
1. Sympathetic | 2. Parasympathetic
56
Reflexes involved in baroreceptors for example use parasympathetic or sympathetic autonomics?
PARASYMPATHETIC
57
What NT do AFFERENT fibers use?
GLUTAMATE - excitatory - used by Visceral Afferents (parasympathetic)
58
WHat 2 cranial nerves control BP?
9 and 10
59
What are the steps to decrease blood pressure?
1. Increase in BP sensed by stretching of carotid artery and Aorta - activate MECHANORECEPTORS (9and 10) 2. Afferent fibers of 9 and 10 end in vasomotor and cardioregulator centers of MEDULLA in brainstem 3. Increase Parasympathetic stimulation = decrease heart rate 4. Decrease Sympathetic = decrease Heart rate& contraction 5. Blood pressure back to normal (due to vasodilation and decreased heart rate)
60
During increased BP, what occurs in the sympathetic system?
1. decreased input to heart (rate and contraction reduced) 2. decreased input to vascular smooth muscle = relaxation 3. Decreased input to adrenal chromaffin cells = decreased epinephrine and NE secretion to the blood stream
61
What are the main autonomic centers in the brain?
1. Pons 2. Medulla 3. Hypothalamus
62
What are the following autonomic systems responsible for? 1. Pons 2. Medulla 3. Hypothalamus
1. Micturition (urination), respiratory control 2. Vasomotor & vasodilator, respiratory control, water intake 3. temp reg, water intake, fight/flee, reproduction = hypothalamus - cortex, amygdala, and stria terminalis also responsible
63
Why are chromaffin cells from adrenal medulla specialized post-synaptic neurons?
Decreased secretion of chromatin cells = less NE and E released - heart rate reduced since no NE & E released directly into bloodstream by Chromatin cells (which act like post-synaptic neurons since the adrenal medulla DIRECTLY releases NT's into blood stream)

FHB Exam 1 - Cardiovascular Physiology (26 decks)

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