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FHB Exam 1 - Cardiovascular Physiology > Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds > Flashcards

Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds Flashcards

1
Q

Define the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th heart sounds

A

1st - closure of mitral/tricuspid
2nd - closure of pulmonic/aortic

3rd - during rapid filling, rapid flow of blood into heart

4th - during Atrial Systole (after a wave)
- vigorous contraction of atria

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2
Q

What is physiological splitting?

A

Closure of aortic valve & pulmonic valve at separate times
- usually in synchrony
- because there is extra blood filling into the RIGHT ventricle (increase end diastolic volume) upon INSPIRATION (negative pressure from thorax)
the Pulmonic valve stays open slightly longer at the end of SYSTOLE
(P2 delayed)

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3
Q

What is paradoxical splitting?

A

Aortic valve closes late due to LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK

P2 followed by A2

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4
Q

What is persistence splitting?

A

Worsens with inspiration

-

-Right bundle branch block causes a delay in activation of the Right ventricle
(increase interval between P2 and A2)

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5
Q

The following is an effect of what?

Decrease in intrathoracic pressure increases right ventricular end-diastolic volume (volume /filling)

  • this delays closure of pulmonic valve at the end of systole (delays P2)
  • as a result PHSYIOLOGIC splitting is exaggerated, and paradoxical splitting is attenuated
A

Effect of RESPIRATORY INSPIRATION

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6
Q

When do valves close at different times?

A

INSPIRATION

- during a bundle branch block (ventricles not being activated synchronously)

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7
Q

What is the FIRST PART OF THE HEART TO BE ACTIVATED?

A

Septum

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8
Q

What do the following waves resent in venous pulse:
a
c
v

A

a - atrial contraction - kick back to IVC from slight atrial contraction
c- ventricular contraction (kick back to mitral valve
v- filling and emptying of atrial chamber (kick back to IVC)

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9
Q

What is the last part to be activated of the heart?

A

Epicardial surface of LEFT VENTRICLE

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10
Q

why does repolarization cause a positive waveform, same as depolarization?

A

vector of REPOLARIZATION is in the SAME DIRECTION (down & to the left) same direction of DEPOLARIZATION
= positive
(even though it is the opposite electrical event)

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11
Q

What does the mean frontal plane vector determine?

A

Determines the AVERAGE direction and amplitude of potential changes during the total period of ventricular depolarization.

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12
Q

What part of the heart is the last section to be stimulated? Where does depolarization start?

A

EPICARDIAL SURFACE OF LEFT VENTRICLE

  • depolarization begins here as well
  • depolarizes BEFORE endocardium since more K current (due to transient K channels - ito)
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13
Q

Which lead usually has the largest QRS complex and why?

A

Lead 2

  • the heart depolarizes from right down to the left because the Left ventricle is the largest and therefor generates the MOST current
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14
Q

What is the cardiac index: (liters/min/sq m)

1. Average at rest

A

3.1

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15
Q

What is the venous pressure (mmHg)

1. Average at rest

A

5

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16
Q

What is right atrial pressure (mean;mmHg)

1. Average at rest

A

2

17
Q

What is the right ventricle (systolic; mm Hg)

  1. Average at rest
A

25

18
Q

What is the right ventricle (end-diastolic; mm Hg)

  1. Average at rest
A

2

19
Q

What is the Pulmonary Artery (systolic; mmHg)

  1. Average at rest
A

25

20
Q

What is the Pulmonary Artery (diastolic; mmHg)

  1. Average at rest
  2. Range at rest
A

10

6-12

21
Q

What is the Pulmonary Artery (mean; mmHg)

  1. Average at rest
A

15

22
Q

What is the Pulmonary Wedge (mean; mmHg)

  1. Average at rest
A

6

23
Q

What is the Left Atrial Pressure (mean; mmHg)

  1. Average at rest
A

6

24
Q

What is the Left Ventricle (systolic; mmHg)

  1. Average at rest
A

120

25
Q

What is the Left Ventricle (Diastolic; mmHg)

  1. Average at rest
A

6

26
Q

What is the Brachial Artery (mean; mmHg)

1. Average at rest

A

95

27
Q

What is the right ventricle systolic & diastolic pressure?

A

25/2

28
Q

What is the left ventricle systolic and diastolic pressure?

A

120/6

29
Q

What is the pulmonary artery systolic/diastolic pressure?

A

25/10

30
Q

What is the Aortic Artery Systolic/diastolic pressure?

A

112/52 (or 100/70)

31
Q

What is venous pressure?

A

5 mmHg

32
Q

What is Right Atrial Pressure?

A

2 mmHg

FHB Exam 1 - Cardiovascular Physiology (26 decks)

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