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FHB Exam 1 - Cardiovascular Physiology > Cutaneous & Splanchnic Circulation > Flashcards

Cutaneous & Splanchnic Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

How is skin blood flow regulated? (it is unlike the other systems for this reason)

A

NEURAL CONTROL!!!

Sympathetics, not metabolic control

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2
Q

What is the MAIN purpose of cutaneous circulation? (blood flow to the skin)

A

Temp regulation!!!

-maintain constant temp via vasodilation/constriction

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3
Q

The cutaneous circulation is more efficient at preventing heat loss rather than promoting heat loss.

True or False?

A

FALSE!

Better at promoting heat loss via vasodilation of cutaneous vessels

  • we acclimatize better to heat than cold
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4
Q

What do the following colors signify in circulation or oxygen content of blood?

  1. Pale
  2. Cyanotic
  3. Reddish
  4. Bright Pink
A
  1. LOW BLOOD FLOW
  2. Desaturated Hemoglobin (low O2)
  3. Saturated Hb w/ O2
  4. CO poisoning (carbon monoxide)
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5
Q

Why does the skin appear red in cold climates, even though blood flow is LOW due to vasoconstriction?

A

Low temp = skin DECREASES O2 dissociation!

  • less O2 unloaded from Hb
    = more saturated with O2
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6
Q

What color does Oxyhemoglobin give the skin?

A

RED

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of resistance vessels in the skin? What type of mechanism controls their resistance?

A
  1. Arterioles -
    a) SYMPATHETIC
    b) Local regulatory
  2. Arteriovenous Anastomoses (AV)
    - bypasses capillary beds

a) SYMPATHETIC CONTROL ONLY
- no basal (non-neural tone)
- no metabolic
- no reactive hyperemia
- no autoregulation

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8
Q

What parts of the body contain Apical Skin?

Name the 2 most important qualities of Apical skin:

A

Ears, nose, lips, fingertips, hands, feet,

  1. Large surfave-tovolume ratio to favor HEAT LOSS
  2. AV Anastomoses called GLOMUS bodies
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9
Q

What is the function of glomus bodies?

A

HEAT LOSS

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10
Q

What are 2 features present in Non-Apical Skin that areNOT found in Apical skin?

A
  1. No AV Anastomoses (almost)

2. Sympathetic CHOLINERGIC

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11
Q

Why does the skin appear paper white during hypovolemic shock?

A

Due to VASOCONSTRICTION of the skin

  • shunting blood to brain,lungs, heart
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12
Q

What innervation does Apical Skin receive? Non-Apical?

A
  1. Sympathetic adrenergic
  • at rest = vasoconstriction
    (withdraw sympathetics = passive vasodilation)
  1. Sympathetic CHOLINERGIC - vasodilate via Bradykinin

& Adrenergic via NE (vasoconstrict)

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13
Q

The release of BRADYKININ is dependent on what?

Where is this released (which type of skin)?

Does this cause vasoconstriction or dilation?

A
  1. SWEAT -DEPENDENT
  2. Non-APical (not ears,nose, lips, fingertips, hands, or feet)
  3. Vasodilation!!!
    - cholinergic
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14
Q

There are glomus bodies & AV anastomoses in Non-Apical skin. True or False?

A

FALSE

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15
Q

What provides temperature regulation of the skin?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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16
Q

What happens to sympathetic control with increases in temp?

A

WITHDRAW sympathetic activity

  • passive vasodilation
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17
Q

Do cutaneous vessels contribute a large amount to total peripheral resistance & BP?

A

NO!!!

  • flow in skin is only 5-10% of CO
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18
Q

What were to happen if you were shot in Iraq, or another hot temperature climate? (decrease in BP)

A

Baroreceptor VASOCONSTRICTION would have little affect on BP due to the reflexive VASODILATION caused by warmer temps

-BP is not well maintained in warm temps

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19
Q

When is LOW blood flow not well maintained? How does this compare to HIGH BP?

A

At HIGHER temps

  • High BP causes withdrawal of sympathetics (little affect on skin blood flow since apical vessels already dilated)
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20
Q

What freezes first?

  1. Smaller or larger vasculature
  2. Venous or Arterial System
A
  1. Smaller

2. Venous (low flow rates)

21
Q

If you exercise & are dehydrated, what happens to body temp?

A

HYPERTHERMIC

  • cannot dissipate more heat

(occurs quickly if you are dehydrated since less sweat produced)

22
Q

What is the primary regulator of the cutaneous system?

A

SYMPATHETIC nervous system via the hypothalamus

23
Q

What happens to cutaneous flow with exercise?

A
  1. Sympathetic stimulation vasoconstrictor to shunt blood to skeletal muscle
    - Internal metabolic HEAT PRODUCTION causes cutaneous vasodilation!
24
Q

What wins out with cutaneous exercise? Sympathetic Vasoconstriction or Vasodilation?

Does flow continuously increase in skin with increased exercise?

A

VASODILATION

  • flow only increases to a LIMIT
  • only small increases in flow w/ increasing internal temp
25
What artery provides blood to the stomach, spleen, and pancreas? TO the intestines? (2)
1. Celiac 2. SMA 3. IMA
26
What is the function of arterial & venous blood in SPLANCHNIC circulation?
Arterial = brings O2 & metabolic substrates Venous = picks up O2 and NUTRIENTS absorbed from intestine
27
What happens if the venous system backs up into the abdominal region? (due to increased hydrostatic pressure)
ASCITES!
28
What is a distinguishing factor in the organization of the arterioles, capillaries, and venules in the intestinal lumen? How does this affect Arteriole Osmolarity? What is this phenomenon called? THINK DUCK FEET!
1. Arterioles come up the villi and branch into capillaries which then converge into venues that carry blood back to the base of the villus - arterioles & venules run PARALLEL to each other so that solutes like Na can diffuse from: capillaries venules Arterioles - high Arteriole Osmolarity INCREASES FLOW! 2. COUNTER CURRENT!
29
Portal vein is located between 2 _______ ____.
Capillary beds!
30
Which vessels collect blood from the liver and empty into the Vena Cava?
Hepatic Veins
31
What vessel collects blood from capillary beds of intestine, stomach, pancreas, and spleen?
PORTAL VEIN
32
What are 2 ways that Portal Hypertension can develop?
1. Increased pressure in Vena Cava (CHF) | 2. Increase RESISTANCE in Hepatic Veins cirrosis, hepatitis B, C
33
What can portal Hypertension lead to? (3)
1. Abdominal Edema 2. Ascites 3. Esophogeal, Umbilical, & Rectal Varices
34
What does an increase in arteriole osmolarity result in?
INCREASED FLOW & nutrient absorption | ex: eating
35
Why is it possible to "bleed out" during hemorrhoids brought on by liver failure?
Lower amount of clotting factors due to liver damage - less ALBUMIN
36
High after load on the RIGHT ventricle is a result of what pathological condition? If this progresses into Liver Cirrhosis, what is a second pathological condition that arises?
PULMONARY Hypertension - can lead to PORTAL HYPERTENSION & Ascites & Varices
37
Which vessels regulate Hydrostatic Pressure? 1. Arteries 2. veins 3. Capillaries
VEINS! - less resistance (no auto regulation)
38
What is cirrhosis?
Anything that damages the liver
39
What are 3 ways that intestinal blood flow is regulated?
1. Local Factors (mechanical & metabolic) 2. Hormonal 3. Neural
40
What is the affect of an increase in metabolism on the following: O2 content Metabolites Does this cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction?
1. O2 decreases 2. metabolites increase VASODILATION
41
During intestinal contractions, what happens to blood flow?
DECREASES due to compression of vessels (like in the heart)
42
Intestine does not exhibit auto regulation. True or False
FALSE! Moderate Autoregulation from METABOLITES (adenosine, CO2, H+, K+)
43
What are 2 HORMONES that are important in digestion? DO they cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
1. Cholesystokinin 2. Neurotensin - increase flow via VASODILATION
44
What is the major NEURAL control in the splanchnic circulation? What is the only exception?
Post-Ganglionic SYmpathetic VASOCONSTRICTION - except the capillaries
45
What INDIRECTLY stimulates intestinal blood flow by stimulating intestinal motility and glandular secretions, increasing metabolism?
PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY = indirect affect
46
What is Postprandial Hyperemia?
Increased flow after eating | food ingestion increases intestinal flow through 1. Metabolic/mechanic 2. Neural 3. Hormonal influences
47
What intestinal lumen contents increase the magnitude of blood flow?
FATS & Carbs! - induce hyperemia
48
What is the affect of peristalsis?
Increase metabolic activity and thus FLOW in the gut
49
How can ischemic bowel develop after prolonged hemorrhage?
Vasoconstriction of the blood traveling to the Gut! - shunted to heart, brain, lungs

FHB Exam 1 - Cardiovascular Physiology (26 decks)

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