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SIO 189 > Lecture #2 > Flashcards

Lecture #2 Flashcards

October 6, 2020

1
Q

Definition of Toxicology

A

the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem, including the prevention and amelioration of such adverse effects

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2
Q

Georg Ebers

A
  • 1837-1898
  • German Egyptologist
  • purchased the Ebers papyrus in Luxor, Egypt in 1873
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3
Q

Ebers Papyrus

A
  • dates to 1500 BC
  • one of the earliest documented texts on toxicology
  • gave insight into how the Ancient Egyptians thought about chemicals and toxicity + Ancient Egyptian medicine in general
  • chapter on poisons and poisoning
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4
Q

Toxicology in the Middle Ages

A
  • poisoning was common
  • hemlock was used to execute Socrates
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5
Q

alkaloid

A

bioactive compound produced by plants that contains nitrogen

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6
Q

Sushruta Samhita

A
  • 3rd or 4th century BC
  • defined stages of poisoning and antidotes
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7
Q

Pliney the Elder

A
  • 23 - 75 AD
  • claims all natural knowledge, including extensive knowledge of poisons
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8
Q

Emperor Nero of Rome

A
  • used cyanide to dispose of unwanted family members
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9
Q

Paracelsus

A
  • Swiss Physician, 1493-1541
  • credited with founding toxicology
  • concept that dose makes the poison
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10
Q

Percivall Pott

A
  • 1714-1788
  • first to demonstrate the environmental origins of cancer
  • showed scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps
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11
Q

Victor Grignard

A
  • developed a method of generating carbon-carbon bonds using catalysts
  • advent of modern organic chemistry, allows for creation of new polymers
  • won Nobel Prize in 1912
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12
Q

What compound is this?

A
  • mustard gas
  • poisoning as a tool of war in WW1, leads to Geneva Protocal 1925
  • only outlaws use and not development, poisons are still used
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13
Q

DDT

A
  • long-lasting, very persistent insecticide
  • discovered by Paul Hermann Muller, won Nobel Prize in 1948
  • breaks down into DDD and DDE
  • effective against mosquitos, still largely used in Africa
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14
Q

What compound is this?

A

DDT

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15
Q

What compound is this?

A

DDD

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16
Q

What compound is this?

A

DDE

17
Q

Problems with DDT

A
  • organisms with very quick reproductive cycles are able to evolve detoxification mechanisms to reduce the toxicity of the DDT
    • cytochrome P450s can reduce the toxicity
    • mutations in sodium channel genes
  • causes eggshell thinning in birds
18
Q

What compound is this?

A

Thalidomide

  • causes phocomelia (very short/missing limbs)
  • intended to treat morning sickness in pregnant women
19
Q

Rachel Carson

A
  • 1907-1964
  • wrote the book “Silent Spring” detailing the decline of frog populations
  • fisheries biologist, wrote for the radio
  • second woman EVER to get a full time job in US Fish and Wildlife Service
  • criticizes our willingness to use compounds/rush into things without knowing what their consequences will be
20
Q

Thomas Jukes

A
  • had a weekly column in Nature from 1975-1980
  • scientist at UC Berkeley
  • adamantly opposed Carson, claiming her ideas would put us back into the Dark Ages
21
Q

This compound is an example of what type of compound?

A

polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs)

used as fire retardants

persistent

22
Q

This compound is an example of what type of compound?

A

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

used as coolants/dielectrics

persistent

23
Q

This compound is an example of what type of compound?

A

perfluorochemicals (PFCs)

used in scotch guard and stain repellents

persistent

24
Q

What compound is this?

A

DEHP

used as a plasticizer (plastic softener)

25
Q

What compound is this?

A

Bisphenol-A (BPA)

used in plastics, thermal reciepts

26
Q

Wilfred Owen

A

poet, discussed horrors of poisoning

dulce et decorum est, pro patria mori

SIO 189 (19 decks)

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