Lecture #10

Question 1

compounds that interfere with calcium signaling

Answer 1

• domoic acid
• methylmercury
• detergents

Question 2

compounds that interfere with oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 2

• DDT
• PCP
• cyanide
• cocaine & other alkaloids
• ethanol

Question 3

ABC transporters stands for

Answer 3

ATP-binding cassette transporters

-unusual in their ability to harness cell’s energy directly

Question 4

solute carrier transporters

Answer 4

-use concentration gradient to move things or energy stored in membrane potential, they don’t require direct energy hydrolysis

Question 5

different families of transporters

Answer 5

ABCA, ABCB, ABCC, ABCD, ABCE, ABCF, ABCG, ABCH

Question 6

3 families of transporters relevant to drug disposition

Answer 6

ABCB, ABCC, ABCG

Question 7

ABCB

Answer 7

• 12 transmembrane spans
• 2 nucleotide binding domains
• likes small, hydrophobic molecules
• transports in their unmodified state
• transports them as soon as they enter the membrane, before they even enter the cell
• main reason for drug resistance for leukemia

Question 8

nucleotide binding domains (NBDs)

Answer 8

hydrolyze ATP to ADP and uses that energy to pump the molecule against the concentration gradient

Question 9

ABCC

Answer 9

• 17 transmembrane spans
• 2 nucleotide binding domains
• only one to transport modified compounds (ex: metals conjugated to glutathione)

Question 10

ABCBs are found in…

Answer 10

gills, liver, kidneys, brain

Question 11

ABCCs are found in…

Answer 11

lungs, liver

Question 12

ABCGs are found in…

Answer 12

mammary tissue (secreting into the milk), liver

Question 13

ABCG

Answer 13

• 6 transmembrane spans
• 1 nucleotide binding domain
• need two of these to make one transporter
• transports plant metabolites (ex: alkaloids)
• hydrophobic, small molecules

Question 14

bioremediation

Answer 14

• using biology to mitigate effects of pollutants in the environment, often deployed after catastrophic events
• EX: oil spills, acid pit (dump site)
• can use microorganisms or plants or animals, bacteria often used

Question 15

Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act - Superfund 1980

Answer 15

• more than 1500 sites in the US

- greatly contaminated sites

Question 16

Contaminants can be removed from groundwater using…

Answer 16

activated carbon

Question 17

migration control

Answer 17

physical “caps” and barriers to prevent mixing

Question 18

erosion control

Answer 18

shallow rooted plants will help prevent natural processes from deteriorating the barriers

Question 19

biotic barrier

Answer 19

a layer of stones to prevent animals from burrowing into the waste

Question 20

plastic membrane and clay with low adhesion properties

Answer 20

hard, heavy physical barrier pushing the waste down

Question 21

biological methods of remediation

Answer 21

• phytoremediation
• microbial degradation
• fungal remediation
• molluscs and filter feeders
• GMOs

Question 22

abiotic methods of remediation

Answer 22

• adsorption to carbon
• photolysis
• precipitation
• physical removal/dredging
• volatilization

Question 23

bacteria as a bioremediator

Answer 23

PROS
-grow rapidly if food is present
-critical for emulsification of oil
CONS
-growth limited by nutrients/physical factors
-not everything can be degraded
-degraded products are sometimes more toxic

Question 24

phytoremediation

Answer 24

• can involve breakdown or sequestration
• on land
• using plants to remove contaminants by volatilizing them, sequestering them within the plant, or promoting biodegradation in the soil