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Bio 107 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are polymers?

A

A chain of repeating monomers that are similar but not identical

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2
Q

What are proteins? How do you classify them?

A

Polymers of amino acids that are classified by their R group

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3
Q

What is a protein made up of?

A

The base of a protein is made up of NH3+, C, H and COO-. An R group is attached to this base. The C is a carboxy group and the N is a amino group

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4
Q

How do you classify and R group?

A

An R group can be non-polar, polar uncharged, polar charged acidic and polar charged basic

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5
Q

How do you know what to classify an R group?

A

Non-polar=CH Polar uncharged= -OH or -SH Polar charged acidic=there is negative charge Polar charged basic=there is a positive charge

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6
Q

What is the directionality of proteins? Extensibility?

A

N to C or NH3+ to COO-. Other proteins can be added but N always has to be start and C always has to be end

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7
Q

What is 1°?

A

Primary Structure. It dictates folding and folding dictates functions

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8
Q

What is 2°?

A

Secondary Structure. The a.a fold into a Beta Sheet and/or an Alpha Helix

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9
Q

What is 3°?

A

Tertiary Structure. 3D folding, hydrophobic R groups drive a.a away from water into middle of protein

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10
Q

How is 3° maintained?

A

Covalent bonds- disulfide bridges between 2 cytosine. Ionic Bonds- between oppositely charged a.a. Hydrophobic interactions- between nonpolar a.a. Hydrogen bonds- between polar uncharged a.a

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11
Q

What is 4°?

A

Some proteins form multisubunit complexes that create a functional protein. Held together by same forces as 3

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12
Q

What is a Nucleosome?

A

DNA coiled around histones, this is an example of 4° structure

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13
Q

What is DNA? What is its directionality?

A

A polymer of Nucleotides. Its directionality is 5 to 3

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14
Q

What are the 4 nucleotides?

A

A, G, T, C

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15
Q

How do you identify a Nucleotide?

A

A=purine/double ringed, has no O’s in the base. G=purine/double ringed, has O’s in the base. T=pyrimidine/single ring, 3 functional groups. C=pyrimidine/single ring, does not have 3 functional groups

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16
Q

What is a Sugar? What is its function?

A

Sugars are polymers of mono or disaccharides. They are an energy source, the are essential to cell structure and they assist in cell-cell recognition.

17
Q

What is starch? What is its structure?

A

Starch is a polysaccharide that is energy storage for plants. It is a polymer of glucose. It contains an alpha 1-4 carbon glyosidic bond. Animals can beak done the alpha bond

18
Q

What is cellulose? What is its structure?

A

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose and is the cell wall in plants. It contains beta 1-4 carbon glyosidic bonds. Only bacteria can break down beta bonds

19
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

Polymer of NAG and NAM. It is the structural basis for bacteria cell walls. It has directionality of C1-C4

20
Q

What is a glyosidic bond?

A

A covalent bond between sugars

21
Q

What are the 2 ways to create and destroy polymers?

A

Synthesis-condensation/dehydration reactions. Breakdown-hydrolysis reaction

22
Q

How does hydrolysis work?

A

Water is added to a a polymer and splits monomers apart. Energy is released. The reaction is spontaneous but slow.

23
Q

How does Synthesis work?

A

Add monomers to a growing reaction chain, a covalent bond forms between them. This requires energy and water is a product.

24
Q

What are lipids?

A

Not a true polymer, they are made mostly of HC. Are hydrophobic and aggregate away from water

25
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

Single chains of mostly HC with a COOH end. Then can esterify to a glycerol

26
Q

What is Fat?

A

Three fatty acid tails esterify with a glycerol and create triglyceride which is animal fat. Function as energy storage and insulation

27
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats are linked with all single C bonds, meaning the fatty acids tails are straight. Unsaturated fats are linked with double C bonds, meaning the fatty acids have a kink

28
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head made of phosphate which is connected to fatty acid tails with glycerol. The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. The entire phosphide is amphpalic meaning it has a hydrophilic domain and a hydrophobic domain.

29
Q

How do phospholipids form? Do they have covalent bonds?

A

Phospholipids have no covalent bonds and spontaneously self assemble

30
Q

What is a steroid? What is its structure? What do the do?

A

A steroid is a class of lipids based on cholesterol. They have a backbone of 4 HC groups and also a small polar functional group. They are hormones.

31
Q

How are amino acids bonded?

A

A peptide bond between a carboxy and amino group

32
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

A 5 carbon sugar (called a ribose), a nitrogenous base and a phosphate

33
Q

What attaches to each Carbon in DNA?

A

C1- attaches to base. C2- attaches to nothing/H(but in RNA it attaches to OH. C3- attach to 3’ OH which is essential for polymerization. C4- boring. C5- attaches to phosphate

Bio 107 (12 decks)

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