Lecture 2

Question 1

Good research question elements: FINER

Answer 1

Feasible
Interesting
Novel
Ethical
Relevant

Question 2

The well-build clinical question: PICO

Answer 2

Patient/problem
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

Question 3

Physiology of research. How the outcomes are looked at and recorded. (4)

Answer 3

Internal validity- within the study sample. Easier to control.
External validity- Outside events. Can you apply findings outside the study?
Random error- Chance,
Systematic error- bias

Question 4

IMRAD: used when reviewing a paper

Answer 4

Introduction
Method 
results 
Analysis 
Discussion

Question 5

Peer review

Answer 5

Must be same knowledge level.

Question 6

Referee

Answer 6

Peer reviewer

Question 7

Flow from editor in chief to posting a paper

Answer 7

Editor in chief–> editorial board –> at least 2 referees –> editorial board –> editor in chief –> post

Question 8

Paired comparison clinical study

Answer 8

Can be parallel or crossover design
Compares observations drawn from the same sample- linked.
Ex: OD vs OS, identical twins, two tests/same subject, matched or paired subjects with similar traits/characteristics such as health status, age, sex.

Reduces cofounding variables and number of subjects

Question 9

Un-paired comparison clinical study

Answer 9

Can be parallel or crossover design
Compares mean results of independent samples- not linked.
More cofounding variables.
More number of subjects.

Question 10

Within participant comparison clinical study

Answer 10

Can be parallel or crossover design.
Subjects serve as own reference point. Ex: before and after.
Same participant is tested for all conditions.
Low cofounding variables, less variability, low cost, and few subjects.

Question 11

Between subject comparison clinical study

Answer 11

Shorter time period.

Different participants are tested for different conditions.

Question 12

Single blind vs double blind

Answer 12

Single blind: Subjects are unaware if they are in control or study group. Dr/person administering is aware.

Double blind: Both the subjects and Dr/person administering is unaware of who is receiving what.

Question 13

Factorial design

Answer 13

Allows you to test effects (alone and together) of more than 1 independent variable on a given outcome.

Question 14

Cross sectional design

Answer 14

Met/measured at only 1 point in time.

Question 15

Longitudinal

Answer 15

Followed subjects. Met/took measurements throughout a period of time.