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ANATOMY TEST 1: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > LECTURE 2 > Flashcards

LECTURE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis has two separate glands. What are they?

A

Has two separate glands:
adenohypophysis
AKA anterior pituitary gland

neurohypophysis
AKA posterior pituitary gland

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2
Q

What is the infundibulum

A

A stemlike stalk that connects pituitary to the hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is the overall role of the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamus: principle integrator

- Important role in coordination. Making sure autonomic system hormones and endocrine system hormones are in sync.

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4
Q

What are the five secretory cells from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY called?

What do they secrete?

A

Somatotrophs—secrete GH (Growth Hormone)
Lactotrophs—secrete prolactin (PRL) (Prolactin
Corticotrophs—secrete ACTH
Thyrotrophs—secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Gonadotrophs—secrete LH and FSH (Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

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5
Q

What are the functions of Growth Hormone? (5) What cell secretes it?

A

Secreted by Somatotrophs.

  1. Promotes growth of primarily bone + muscle
  2. Accelerates amino acid uptake -building blocks of protein
  3. Stimulates fat metabolism (breakdown of fat) BY…
    Lipids mobilized from adipose cells
    into the blood stream to make them available for breakdown
  4. Shifts cell from glucose catabolism to lipid catabolism
    * Leads to increased blood glucose levels
  5. GH functions as an insulin antagonist. Insulin tries to decrease blood glucose. Where as GH INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE
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6
Q

What is the role of Prolactin? What cell secretes it?

A

Lactotrophs.

Also known as lactogenic hormone

During pregnancy, PRL promotes development of the breasts, anticipating milk secretion;

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7
Q

TROPIC HORMONES

What makes these unique?

A

-Hormones that are released have the ability to stimulate other endocrine glands rather than just their end tissue —–Primary responsibility is to stimulate other endocrine glands

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8
Q

TROPIC HORMONES
Thyrotrophs

What is the function of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; or thyrotropin)

A
  1. Promotes the growth and development of the thyroid gland

2. Triggers the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones

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9
Q

TROPIC HORMONES
Corticotrophs

What is the function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; or adrenocorticotropin)

A
  1. Promotes the growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland (gland that sits on-top of the kidney.
  2. Stimulates the outer region/cortex of the adrenal gland.)–Triggers the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete some of its hormones
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10
Q

TROPIC HORMONES
GONADOTROPINS
(Gonads –> Ovaries and Testes)

What is the function of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Females: stimulates follicle growth and estrogen secretion from follicles in the ovaries

Males: stimulates spermatogenesis and inhibin (negative feedback system involved in the production of sperm) secretion in the testes

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11
Q

TROPIC HORMONES

What is the function of Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  1. Females: stimulates formation of corpus luteum which will then produce and secrete progesterone and estrogens from the ovary;
    - after the ovary releases an egg through ovulation the corpus luteum remains, and releases hormones if the women is pregnant.
  2. Males: stimulates interstitial cells to develop and secrete testosterone in the testes
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12
Q

The hypothalamus is an ______ gland.

A

Hypothalamus is an endocrine gland

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13
Q

How to neurons found in the hypothalamus produce hormones?

A
  1. When the neurosecretory cell produces its hormone it is called a RELEASING HORMONE
    - it will be released into the blood through portal called HYPOPHISEAL PORTAL SYSTEM to get to the pituatary gland.
  2. Once they arrive at the pituitary gland they will target specific cells that they are designed for.
  3. This causes the cells found in the pituitary gland to then release their hormones out of the pituitary gland through the anterior hypophyseal vein.

**Releasing hormone will either have enhancing or inhibiting effect on a particular hormone. Positive/Negative

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14
Q

What is the key difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

A

posterior does not directly produce it’s hormones. Anterior does.

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15
Q

Hypothalamus is the key integrator of the _____ and the ____ systems.

A

Autonomic System and Endocrine System

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16
Q

TROPIC HORMONES ARE one gland _____ another gland

A

One gland stimulating another gland

17
Q

What are examples of thyroid hormones?

A

T3 & T4

18
Q

What is the function of the Antidiuretic hormone?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; aka vasopressin):
Against dieresis. (against production of dilute or large volumes of urine)

Dehydration triggers the release of ADH
Prevents the formation of a large volume of urine, thereby helping the body conserve water

Example: if you are dehydrated your body will produce ADH and take back water instead of peeing it out.

19
Q

What is the function Oxytocin (OT)?

A

Causes milk ejection from the lactating breast; regulated by positive feedback mechanism; PRL cooperates with oxytocin

Stimulates contraction of uterine muscles that occurs during and after childbirth; regulated by positive feedback mechanism  pitosin (synthetic hormone given by doctors to simulate oxitosin)

Involved in sexual arousal and social bonding

20
Q

Where is the pituitary gland and where is it located?

A

Tiny, pine cone–shaped structure in CENTRE OF THE BRAIN

Part of the NERVOUS SYSTEM because it contains NEURONS that respond to visual stimuli

Part of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM because it SECRETES HORMONES

Principal pineal secretion is melatonin
Secretes Melatonin which is a key part of the BODY’S BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

21
Q

What is found in the thyroid gland follicles? Which is most abundant?

A

T4 and T3.

T4 is most abundant.

A lot of T3 will be converted into T4.

22
Q

What is the function of the Thyroid Hormone?

A
  1. They regulate metabolic rate of all cells
  2. Increase cell growth
  3. Act on all cells
  4. Do not have specific target tissue MORE GENERAL 5. TARGET TISSUE
23
Q

What secretes calcitonin?
What is it’s function in the body?
What is it’s antagonist?

A
  1. Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin.
  2. If calcium is high calcitonin will promote removing it.
    Once it’s removed it will deposit it in the bone.
  3. IN OPPOSITION
    Parathyroid hormone.
    If calcium levels are low, parathyroid will pull it put of the bone and put it in the blood.
24
Q

What are the layers of the Adrenal Gland?

What are the layers of the cortex?

A

Three distinct layers of the adrenal gland.

OUTER- capsule
INNER-cortex
INNER MOST- medulla

CORTEX CONSISTS OF
ZONA.GLOM --> mineralocorticoid
ZONA FASC
ZONA RETIC
--> different regions are responsible for secreting different hormones. ALL CORTICOIDS

ANATOMY TEST 1: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (6 decks)

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