Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANATOMY TEST 1: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > LECTURE 1 > Flashcards

LECTURE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine System works closely with what other system?

A

Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The Endocrine system is fast or slow? Are the Effects short or long lasting?
Explain why.
Answer the same for the Nervous System.

A

The Endocrine system is slow because it releases it’s hormones into the blood stream. The effects however, are long lasting.
The Nervous System is fast acting because it travels across a synapse. It’s effects are shorter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the following for the Endocrine System:

  1. Effector tissues
  2. Effector cells
  3. Chemical messenger
  4. Secreting cells
  5. Distance chemical travels
  6. Receptor location
  7. Speed
  8. Duration
A
  1. Effectors: virtually all tissues
  2. Effector Cells: Target cells
  3. Chemical Messengers: Hormone
  4. Secreting Cells: Glandular epithelial cells
  5. Distance: Long (via blood)
  6. Receptor Location: Plasma membrane or inside the cell
  7. Speed: Slow
  8. Duration: Long-lasting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the following for the Nervous System:

  1. Effector tissues
  2. Effector cells
  3. Chemical messenger
  4. Secreting cells
  5. Distance chemical travels
  6. Receptor location
  7. Speed
  8. Duration
A
  1. Effectors: muscle and glands only
  2. Effector Cells: Postsynaptic cell
  3. Chemical Messenger: Neurotransmitter
  4. Secreting Cells: Neurons
  5. Distance: Short (across synapse)
  6. Receptor Location: Plasma membrane
  7. Speed: Fast
  8. Duration: Short-lived
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endocrine Glands are known as “___less” glands

A

Ductless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a Tropic hormone/ How do they work?

A

Hormones that target OTHER endocrine glands and stimulate THEIR secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Sex Hormones/How do they work?

A

Hormones that target reproductive tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Anabolic hormones/ How do they work?

A

Hormones that stimulate anabolism in target cells
Ex. Anabolic steroids.
-THEY HELP BUILD AND GROW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Steroids are synthesized from what?
Are they or are they not lipid soluble?
Are they able to easily pass through the phospholipid plasma membrane of target cells?

A

All synthesized from cholesterol

LIPID SOLUBLE and can easily pass through the phospholipid plasma membrane of target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the 6 steroids we will be focusing on…

Perry, Cute, Cuddly, Toddler, Even, Cholesterol

A

Progesterone, Corticosterone, Cortisol, Testosterone, Estradiol, Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are Non-Steroid Hormones synthesized from?

As well as protein hormones.

A

Synthesized from Amino Acids (building blocks of proteins)

Protein Hormones –> Long chains of amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two examples of protein hormones?

A

Parathyroid Hormone and Insulin are both examples of protein hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Do peptide hormones have long or short chains of amino acids?
What are two examples of this?

A

Peptide Hormones have SHORTER chain of amino acids
Ex.
1. Oxytocin
2. ADH( antidiuretic hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a Amino Acid Derivative?

What is an example of this?

A

Derived from a single amino acid.

Ex. T4 (thyroid hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a Glycoprotein hormone?
Similar to protein hormone.
Exception is the sugars that the glycoprotein has.

A

Contains sugars, Similar to protein hormone.

Exception is the sugars that the glycoprotein has.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What hormone is detected on pregnancy tests?

A

hCG (pregnancy hormone) - detected in blood and urine.

17
Q

Describe how hormones travel to their specific receptor cell in the Endocrine system.

A

An endocrine gland produces a hormone - it goes into the blood - then travels to the target tissue that has a specific receptor

Receptor must be working or it will not bind.Lock and Key

18
Q

Hormones have primary effects, but may also have multiple secondary effects. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

true.

19
Q

Endocrine glands produce more hormone molecules than are actually needed. What happens to the unused ones?

A

The unused hormones are quickly excreted by the kidneys or broken down by metabolic processes

20
Q

COMBINED HORMONE ACTIONS

Describe Synergism (TOGETHER)

A

Combinations of hormones acting together have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone

21
Q

COMBINED HORMONE ACTIONS

Describe Permissiveness (HELP)

A

When a small amount of one hormone allows a second one to have its full effects on a target cell. One hormone permits another hormone to do the job that it needs to do in order for it to have it’s full effect.

22
Q

COMBINED HORMONE ACTIONS

Describe Antagonism (OPPOSITION)

A

One hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone; used to “fine tune” the activity of target cells with great accuracy. Working in opposition for control

23
Q

The second messenger system is a form of ________

A

Signal Transduction

24
Q

MECHANISM OF STEROID HORMONE

Where are the steroid hormones receptors found? What do they form when they bind to it?

A

Receptors are found in the target cell’s cytosol or nucleus.

Steroid hormones bind to a receptor to form a hormone-receptor complex

25
Q

MECHANISM OF STEROID HORMONE 2

In the mobile-receptor model is the receptor stationary or moving?
What is this sequence initiation the synthesis of?
Is the response slow or fast?

A

Receptor is mobile. Moving around.

Vs. a Fixed Receptor that does not move & is fixed within the plasma membrane.

The receptor moves and binds to a gene sequence to initiate protein synthesis
The response to steroid hormones is slow as protein synthesis takes time

26
Q

MECHANISM OF A NON-STEROID HORMONE

If non-steroid hormones are not lipid-soluble, how do they carry out actions inside of the cell?

Why are the actions of non-steroid hormones faster than the actions of steroid hormones?

What is another example of a 2nd messenger system?

A

2nd messenger system.

  1. A non-steroid hormone’s (“first messenger”) binds to fixed receptors in the target cell’s plasma membrane
  2. Receptor triggers 2nd messenger to activate an existing protein response

A form of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION -Occurs with this model because it is a message being communicated from outside the cell to inside the cell

FASTER BECAUSE…
When the hormone binds to the cells, the effects are amplified by the cascade of activities that happen within the cell. Therefore –a lot faster than the steroid mechanism

Another example of 2nd messenger system:
Calcium Calmodulin

Opens up channels permitting calcium to move into the cell. Looks for receptor which is called calmodulin. -forms calcium calmodulin complex.

27
Q

Answer the following for a STEROID HORMONE

  1. Structure
  2. Stored in secretory cell
  3. Receptor
  4. Action
  5. Response time
A

STEROID

  1. Lipid
  2. Stored on Secretory Cell? No
  3. Receptor: Mobile in cytoplasm or nucleus
  4. Action: Regulates gene expression –> protein synthesis
  5. Response Time: 1hr - days
28
Q

Answer the following for a NON-STEROID HORMONE

  1. Structure
  2. Stored in secretory cell
  3. Receptor
  4. Action
  5. Response time
A
  1. Structure: >1 amino acid ± sugars
  2. Stored in Secretory Cells? Yes
  3. Receptor: Fixed in plasma membrane
  4. Action: Triggers intracellular 2nd messenger pathway to activate a protein
  5. Response time: Secs - mins
29
Q

The control of hormonal secretions is a positive or negative feedback loop?

What are some other ways hormones are regulated in the Endocrine System?

A

Control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a negative feedback loop and is called endocrine reflexes

  1. Endocrine gland secretion may also be regulated by a hormone produced by ANOTHER gland
  2. Endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by nervous system input. REMEMBER THEIR CORRELATION.
30
Q

An example of Eicosanoids are ______.
They behave locally, true or false?
What are some other examples of Eicosanoids.

A

Prostaglandins

TRUE: They behave locally do NOT travel distances in the body.
OTHER EXAMPLES: Prostaglandin, Thromoxane, and Leukotriene
Prostaglandins -TISSUE HORMONES because they affect the tissue they are secreted in. Have effects on neighbouring cells.

31
Q

What are the functions of the three prostaglandins, PGA, PGE & PGF?

A- UNDA PRESSA

B-HELP MA FEEVA

C-PUSHH

A 
Prostaglandin A (PGA)—
immediate fall in blood pressure accompanied by an increase in regional blood flow to several areas.
Prostaglandin E (PGE)— systemic inflammation Ex. Fever (which can be blocked with drugs that inhibit PG-producing enzymes such as COX-1 and COX-2); Blocks enzymes that produce these prostaglandins that are causing the fever. 
Gastrointestinal effects: regulates hydrochloric acid secretion. 
Prostaglandin F (PGF)—
especially important in reproductive system, causing uterine contractions;
32
Q

REGULATION OF TARGET CELL SENSITIVITY:

Describe what Up and Down regulation are.

A

Up-regulation—increased number of hormone receptors increases sensitivity

Down-regulation—decreased number of hormone receptors decreases sensitivity

33
Q

Name 3 Endocrine Disorders.

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
    Deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues
    *Best known endocrine disorder
    Pancreas does not produce enough insulin OR tissues have issue taking glucose to make energy.
  2. Gigantism
    Pituitary gland
    Excess growth hormone  Starts in childhood
    In adulthood it is called acromegaly
  3. Goiter
    enlarged thyroid gland
    If no dietary iodine (iodine essential for thyroid function)

ANATOMY TEST 1: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions