Blood Vessels

Question 1

TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

What is Angiogenesis

Answer 1

Formation of blood vessels

Question 2

Define
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

Answer 2

1. Conduct blood AWAY from the heart –> O2 blood to tissues
2. Conduct blood through tissues and allow for exchange of materials
3. Conduct Deoxygenated blood to the heart

Question 3

TYPES OF ARTERIES

Elastic Arteries (Conducting Arteries)

Muscular Arteries (Distributing Arteries)

Arterioles (resistance vessels)

Metarterioles

Answer 3

1. . Largest Artery. Include Aorta and major branches. Able to stretch without causing injury in order to accommodate the surge of blood that is forced into them. Able to recoil when ventricles relax
2. Carry blood further away from the heart to specific organs. They are smaller in diameter, however muscular wall is thicker in order to push blood. Example: brachial arteries, gastrial arteries
3. Smallest arteries. As a group they regulate blood pressure/flow throughout body. They allow variable contraction. They are either gonna contract or relax in order to increase or reduce resistance.
4. Short connecting vessels between true arterioles and 20 to 100 capillaries
   Important in nutrient and O2 diffusion at tissue level

Question 4

List the blood vessels in order of flow

Answer 4

1. Elastic Artery
   2.Muscular Artery
2. Arteriole
3. Metarteriole –> connects to capillaries
4. Capillary
5. Venule
6. Vein
   (Every munchkin acts moody creating very volume)

Question 5

Name key differences between arteries and veins

Answer 5

Arteries
Thicker muscular wall (to push blood throughout the body)
Smaller in Diameter

Veins
Larger Diameter
Thinner wall

Question 6

Precapillary sphincters close and open in order to

Answer 6

supply or shunt the delivery of O2 or nutrients

Question 7

TYPES OF CAPILLARIES
1. Define them

2. Blood Flow through the arteroiles, venules and the cappilaries is reffered to as…
3. What are the 3 Groups of capilaries and define them and say where they are, stupid

Answer 7

1. microscopic vessels that carry blood from arterioles to venules
2. microcirculation

3 GROUPS OF CAPILLARIES

1. Continuos Capillaries
   - -> continuous lining of endothelial cells. With only small openings that we call INTERCELLULAR CLEFTS (allow transportation of fluid, inbetween cells). Typically found in SKELETAL MUSCLES
2. Fenestrated Capillaries (holes)
   - -> also have INTERCELLULAR CLEFTS between endothlial cells
3. Sinusoids
   - -> Larger LUMEN
   - -> More winding
   - ->BASEMENT MEMBRANE that normally covers the membrane is absent
   - -> Fenestrations are MUCH LARGER –> ALLOWS MUCH EASIER MIGRATION OF CELLS

Question 8

BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE

3 Layers:
Define:
1. Tunica Externa
2. Tunica Media
3. Tunica Intima

Answer 8

1. Tunica Externa
   - -> Made out of strong fibrous connective tissue
   - -> prevents tearing of the vessel walls
   - -> collagen fibers extend outward in order to connect to structures (ANCHORS)
2. Tunica Media
   - -> Layer of smooth muscle tissue that is sandiwched with a layer of elastic tissue
   - ->Smooth muscle permits changes in diameter (Contract and Relax)
3. Tunica Intima
   - -> Made up of endothelium that is continuous with the endothelium that lines the heart
   - ->Has basement membrane
   - -> Is found in ALL BLOOD VESSELS

Question 9

As blood vessels decrease in diameter, what happens to the thickness of wall

Answer 9

Decreases

Question 10

Blood Vessel Components
Define:

1. Endothelial Tissue
2. Collegan Fibers
3. Elastin Fibers
4. Smooth Muscle

Answer 10

1. Endothelial Tissue
   - -> Simple squamous epithelial tissue. Smooth and flat
   - -> Secretes chemicals and is also responsible for reproduction of new cells
2. Collagen Fibers
   - -> Woven together
   - -> Keep lumen of vessel open so blood can pass through it
   - -> Strengthens wall
   - -> Some flexibility
3. Elastin Fibers
   - -> Composed of insoluble protein called elastin
   - -> Can stretch over 100% , allow for recoil
   - -> Maintains passive tension of the vessels
   - -> Passive Tension
4. Smooth Muscle
   - -> Involuntary
   - -> Most numerous in elastic and muscular arteries
   - -> Exert active tension

Question 11

Two Different Systems in the body when it comes to CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

which are….

Which one has lower pressure and why?

What is the Portal System?

Answer 11

Pulmonary and Systemic System

Pulmonary Circulation is under lower pressure because blood does not have to be pushed as forcefully to go from the heart to the lungs than from the heart to the rest of the body

• -> **Portal System is an area of the cardiovascular system through which blood will pass through TWO consecutive capillary beds.
• *Example: blood that enters the venules –> capillary blood –> Liver capillary bed –> Vena Cava

Question 12

1. End Arteries

Answer 12

1. End Arteries:
   - -> eventually diverge into a capillary
2. Arteriole Anastomosis
   - -> arteries that open into other branches of the same or other arteries
   - -> develops in response of certain diseases to bypass blocked artery
3. Arteriovenous anastomoses or Shunts
   –> Occur when blood flows from an artery directly into a vein WITHOUT passing though a capillary bed
   BYPASS CAPILARRY BED
   Example: avoid further heat loss-body will avoid heat loss by shunting blood from the skin arteries directly to the veins because capillary bed will lose even more heat

Question 13

AORTIC ARTERIES

What do the right and left coronary arteries of the AORTA do?

1. What are the arteries that come off the aortic arch?
2. What does the brachiocephalic artery branch off into?
3. What does the Right Common Carotid Artery branch off into as it travels up the neck?
4. Where does the Vertebral Artery pass through?

Answer 13

Supply the heart with O2 rich blood as well as nutrients

1. • Brachiocephalic Artery
   • Left common carotid Artery
   • Left Subclavian Artery
2. branches off into the right subclavian artery (travels toward the shoulder) and the right common carotid artery
3. Right Common Carotid Artery branches off into external carotid artery and internal carotid artery which head upward toward the head
4. Vertebral Artery passes through a foreman alongside a vertebral column which goes upward toward the head (spine)

Question 14

Define: Superior Phrenic Artery Inferior Phrenic Artery

Answer 14

Supply muscle of the diaphragm (breathing) and phrenic nerve

Question 15

What are the Main Arteries of the Upper Extremities?

Answer 15

1. Once the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY reaches the axilla (armpit region) in changes its name to the AXILLARY ARTERY –>
2. As we move to the upper arm the AXILLARY ARERY splits into the Deep brachial artery and the Brachial Artery –>
3. Once we pass the elbow and head into the forearm the BRACHIAL ARTERY further splits into radial artery and ulnar artery
4. Once the Arteries come into the hands, Last is the Digital Arteries (Fingers)

Question 16

What are the Main Arteries of the Lower Extremities?

Answer 16

1. ABDOMINAL AORTA splits into the COMMON ILLIAC ARTERY at the level of the pelvis
   - ->
2. At the level of the Femur it changes its name to the FEMUAL ARTERY
   - ->
3. Once we get passed the knee the femural artery will split into 3 main branches
   - -> 1. Anterior Tibial Artery
   - -> 2. Fibular Artery
   - -> 3. Posterior Tibial Artery
4. Once we get down into the foot we end up with Digital arteries (Foot/Toes)

Question 17

Principle Veins of the Body

1. Define Veins:
2. What are the large veins of the cranial cavity called?
3. How do veins communicate?

Answer 17

1. Veins are the ultimate extension of capillaries.
   Start as capillaries to venules to veins.
2. Dural Sinuses
   - -> drain blood and CSF from the brain. Found in the dural matter (layer in the brain)
3. Communicate same way as arteries. Through anastomoses.

Question 18

Important Veins

1. What are the important veins you should note?

What is a vein match to the RIGHT CAROTID ARTERY?

Answer 18

1. • Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
   • -> Allow for blood retuning to the heart in the RA so that it can be pumped to the lungs. superior- top. inferior-bottom

-Brachiocephalic veins and arteries

2. Jugular Veins (internal and external)
   –> Drain both the neck and head regions

Question 19

Major Veins of Upper Extremities

1. Name what the veins change into as they travel down the upper extremities

Answer 19

1. Brachiocephalic Vein splits into the Subclavian Vein at the level of the shoulder
   –>
   At the level of the axillary (armpit) the subclavian vein turns into the axillary vein
   –>
   Once we get into the humerus region the main vein is called the BRACHIAL VEIN
   –>
   **Basillic vein is found here that removes blood from the body
   –>
   Once we pass the elbow and we enter forearm
   2 main venous branches
   -Ulnar and Radial vein
   LAST IS DIGITAL VEINS

Question 20

Major Veins of the Lower Extremities

Name what veins change into as they travel down the lower extremities.

Answer 20

1. Starts with the inferior vena canva
   –>
   Branches into the common iliac vein
   –>
   Common iliac vein once in the FEMORAL region will change into the FEMORAL VEIN
   –>
   Once we pass below the knee this changes to the FIBIAL VEIN
   LASTLY IS THE DIGITAL VEINS draining blood from the feet

Question 21

Hepatic Portal Circulation

Veins from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gal bladder and intestines do not go directly to the inferior vena cava. What Portal Vein do they use and what is the sequence of these events. (4 steps)

Answer 21

Veins from the the SPLEEN STOMACH PANCREAS GAL BLADDER and INTESTINES DO NOT put their blood directly into the the INFERIOR VENA CAVE
1. instead their blood is sent to the LIVER by the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN

2. Once in the liver, the blood is going mingle with arterial blood which is found in the capillaries of this region –> 3. and eventually the blood will be drained from the liver by the HEPATIC VEINS, –> 4. and enter into the inferior vena cava
3. Liver can remove toxins and regulate glucose

Question 22

Fetal Circulation

1. How does Fetal Circulation differ from after birth?
2. What does the Placenta consist of?
3. Where does exchange between mother and fetus occur?

Answer 22

1. because fetal blood secures O2 and nutrients from MATERNAL BLOOD instead of lungs and digestive organs.
2. Placenta: consists of fetal tissue and maternal tissue
3. Exchange of nutrients between mother and fetus occurs at the chorionic villi

Flow of blood of fetal circulation

• Common iliac artery –> branching off of that are the umbilical arteries ( carry fetal blood to the placenta to be oxygenated)
• Umbelical vein is going to return oxygenetd blood from the placenta.

Blood travels up towards the ductus venosus (contination of the umbilcal vein) lies under the liver.

• -> Drains into the inferior vena cava.
• ->Forman Ovale
• opening between the right and left atrium. when blood travels up into the right atrium, –> most of it will be sent into the forman ovale right into the LEFT atrium and then into the left ventricle.
• Not perfect system

–>Ductus Arteriois- small vessel that allows blood to detour the lungs and enter the fetal circulation

ORDER:
O2 blood ductus venouses –> inferior vena cava –>RA–> FORMAN OVALE–> L.A –> some ends up in the R.V –>which is then going to be pumped up and diverted via the ductus arterieousis

Question 23

IN UTERO

What does the umbilical chord consist of?

Answer 23

1. umbilical vein and 2 umbilical arteries

because the lungs are not used for diffusion, PLACENTA will do this instead. Diffusion occurs here.

There is not direct mixing of maternal and fetal blood.

Maternal and Fetal Circulation is separate so there is no direct mixing.

Question 24

Post Natal Circulation

What are the changes that have occurred compared to pre natal?

Answer 24

1. Placenta and umbilcal chord are no longer part of baby.
   Umbilcal arteries, change and become imbelical ligaments. The imbelical ligamens because a part of the liver. The Ductus arteriosis also changes and bceomes a ligamentum arteriosum. Another change is the forman ovalem it becomes a fossa ovalis what it does is it closes off and forms a scar so that blood can move properly again

Side note: issues can occur with these changes
Example: the forman ovale does not close entirely - allows deoxygenated blood passes from ra directly into la.