Lecture 2

Question 1

What is Somatic information

Answer 1

Information that we are aware of and have control over

Question 2

What are the two types of Somatic information

Answer 2

Somatic Efferent - motor/muscle

Somatic Afferent - Sensory

Question 3

What is Autonomic information

Answer 3

Information that we are not aware of and have to control over

Question 4

What are the two types of Autonomic information

Answer 4

Autonomic Efferent - involuntary muscle

Somatic Afferent - Unknown Sensory

Question 5

What are the neurons and effector involved in somatic efferent flow

Answer 5

Upper motor neuron (CNS) myelinated
-cell body in brain and axon in the spinal cord
Lower motor neuron (PNS) myelinated and pre-synaptic
-cell body in spinal cord and axon in spinal nerve
the effector is skeletal muscle fibre (post-synaptic)

Question 6

What is the Neurotransmitter for somatic efferent flow

Answer 6

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 7

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 7

Sympathetic (Prepares the body for acute/stress response)

Parasympathetic - Prepares the body for restful situations

Question 8

What are the neurons and effectors of Autonomic Efferent flow

Answer 8

Neuron 1 (CNS) - Cell body in the brain, axon in spinal cord
Neuron 2 (PNS) Cell body in brain or spinal cord, Axon in PNS
Neuron 3 (PNS) Cell body in PNS, Axon in PNS
Effectors- smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

Question 9

What are the main anatomical features between Neuron 2 and Neuron 3

Answer 9

Neuron 2 (myelinated) Neuron 3
Cell body in CNS -Cell body in PNS Axon extends in PNS -axon extends to
effector
Synapse in Autonomic Ganglion -synapse on effector
(group of cell bodies)
pre-ganglionic -Postganglionic

Neurotransmitters
ACh -ACH or norepinephrine

Question 10

What are some sympathetic system effects

Answer 10

increased heart rate
increased blood flow to muscles
increased sweating

Question 11

What are some parasympathetic system effects

Answer 11

decreased heart rate
increased gastric motility
decreased pupil size

Question 12

What are the features of the sympathetic neuron 2 and 3

Answer 12

Neuron 2 -short axon
autonomic ganglion - close to CNS
Neuron 3 -long axon
Neurotransmitter - Norepinephrine

Question 13

What are the features of the parasympathetic neuron 2 and 3

Answer 13

Neuron 2 -long axon
Autonomic Ganglion - Distant from CNS
Neuron 3 -Short axon
Neurotransmitter - Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 14

How does the Sympathetic Nervous System exit from CNS and what is the position of ganglia

Answer 14

a) Axon of preganglionic neuron leaves CNS at thoracolumbar levels (lower spinal cord)
b) Axon extends a short distance
c) Synapse and cell body if the post-ganglionic neuron is in sympathetic ganglion

Question 15

What is the Sympathetic chain ganglia

Answer 15

21-23 pairs

• alongside the vertebral column
• place where neuron 2 axons synapse onto postganglionic
• cell bodies in the ganglion
• long axons extend into the body
• Unmyelinated

Question 16

How does the Parasympathetic nervous system exit from CNS and what is the position of ganglia

Answer 16

a) axon of preganglionic neuron leaves the CNS at cranial (brainstem) and sacral (spinal cord) levels
b) The axon of neuron 2 is long
c) Synapse and neuron 3 cell body in ganglion or near effector organs
d) Axon of neuron 3 is short