Lecture 2

Question 1

Purpose of mitosis.

Answer 1

Propagation of genetic information.

Question 2

Nutrition is important for…

Answer 2

Renewal of cells and propagation of genetic information.

Question 3

Disease.

Answer 3

The manifestation of a malfunctioning cell.

Question 4

Nutrients influence gene expression.

Answer 4

Genes control metabolism; variations in genes impact metabolism efficiency; proteins that genes encode for are impacted by variations.

Question 5

Lac operon.

Answer 5

Involved in lactose metabolism; when lactose is present, it induces the activation of genes in the lac operon. When lactose is not present, it represses activation of the genes within the lac operon.

Question 6

LacI encodes for the repressor of lac operon.

Answer 6

Repressor binds to the promoter region of the lac operon and prevents RNA polymerase from using that genetic information. When LacI binds to the repressor, it changes its conformation and the repressor can no longer bind to the DNA target, allowing RNA polymerase to access the DNA.

Question 7

Nutrient action within the cell.

Answer 7

They can act on the receptor to stimulate transduction pathways or regulation of gene expression (etc), can act on the protein to activate or deactivate its function, can br brought inside the cell for interaction with specific transcription factors, and they can modify protein conformation.

Question 8

mTORC1 controls…

Answer 8

Synthesis of proteins and lipids. Cells must grow to accommodate the new synthesis; nutrients controls the cellular metabolism that allows the cell to grow.

Question 9

Growth factors interact with cell surface proteins.

Answer 9

Causes protein and lipid synthesis of mTORC1 through the AMPK pathway.

Question 10

Transcription factors in low cholesterol concentration.

Answer 10

Processed int he cell, enters the ER, and is sent to the Golgi apparatus.

Question 11

Transcription factors in high cholesterol concentrations in the ER.

Answer 11

Cholesterol binds to INSIC protein and does not allow for transfer of the transcription factor to the Golgi complex.

Question 12

Scope of nutritional sciences.

Answer 12

Prevention of disease, ensuring healthy offspring, ensuring genes are properly translated.

Question 13

Abundant elements.

Answer 13

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous.

Question 14

Supramolecular assembly is costly to which structure?

Answer 14

Mitochondria.

Question 15

Importance of water.

Answer 15

Medium for all chemical reactions and structures.

Question 16

Uses for polymers of simple sugars.

Answer 16

Can be used for storage of energy, structures, etc.

Question 17

Importance of sugar complexity on glycemic index.

Answer 17

Complex sugars induce a low glycemic index; important for managing blood glucose level.

Question 18

Functional groups in proteins determine…

Answer 18

Chemical and biological properties.

Question 19

What determines functional groups of proteins in the body?

Answer 19

Genetics.

Question 20

Hemoglobin.

Answer 20

4 homologous sequences with an iron ion in the centre.

Question 21

Immunoglobulin.

Answer 21

Can be transferred to babies during breastfeeding; they provide acquired immunity for newly born babies.

Question 22

Main protein of beans.

Answer 22

Conglutin: big protein composed of 6 subunits.

Question 23

Example of a membrane protein.

Answer 23

Insulin receptor.

Question 24

Antigenicity.

Answer 24

An antibody cannot bind to its receptor.

Question 25

Loss of protein shape leads to…

Answer 25

Loss of function and antigenicity.

Question 26

Which types of proteins are used in hypoallergenic infant formulas?

Answer 26

Hydrolyzed proteins.

Question 27

Flavour enhancers.

Answer 27

Contain charged functional groups on hydrolyzed proteins.

Question 28

Glutamic acid.

Answer 28

Neurotransmitter involved in long term potentiation (learning and memory); responsible for the umami taste.

Question 29

Monosodium glutamate (MSG).

Answer 29

Responsible for umami taste. Glutamate obtained from enzymatic action on proteins: L-conformation. Synthesized glutamate: D-conformation.

Question 30

MSG is present in…

Answer 30

Any food containing hydrolyzed protein.

Question 31

Gene translation from nucleic acids.

Answer 31

5’ to 3’ direction.

Question 32

Nucleic acid components.

Answer 32

Sugar (oxygenated or deoxygenated), nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), and a phosphate group.

Question 33

Nucleic acids are…

Answer 33

The material for inheritance.

Question 34

Nucleic acids are linked to Gout.

Answer 34

End product of purines (adenine and guanine) is uric acid, which can accumulate in the joints.

Question 35

Gout.

Answer 35

Historically known as the disease of kings, genetically pre-disposed disorder characterized by joint inflammation, which is caused by high uric acid concentration in the body due to high production of uric acid or non-efficient disposal of uric acid. Uric cid concentration is aggravated by animal-based diets because animals have more cells than plants, so the purine concentration is higher.