Lecture 1 Flashcards
Undernutrition.
Deficiency.
How is undernutrition tackled?
Through food fortification.
Increased BMI is linked to …
Increased prevalence of obesity.
Nutrition transition.
Modernization and urbanization has led to a shift in diet; more sedentary lifestyles.
Main principle of nutrition transition.
We are eating food with more energy density and less nutrient diversity; leads to metabolic disorders.
Metabolic disorders.
Normal metabolic processes are disturbed.
Factors in metabolic disorders.
Extrinsic and intrinsic factors interact in the body.
Extrinsic factors.
Food (energy), lifestyle, cheap calories, unconscious calories, palmitic acid (saturated fat), cholesterol, carbohydrates.
Calorie requirement for a sedentary male.
2 500 calories per day.
Calorie requirement for a sedentary female.
1 900 calories per day.
Evidence has shown that which fat increases the risk of cardiovascular disease?
Palmitic acid, an unsaturated fat used for its mouthfeel and stable properties.
Cholesterol.
Comes from animal products; LDL contributes to plaque build-up in the arterial wall.
Issue with fructose.
Consuming fructose can decrease insulin sensitivity in overweight or obese humans; it can also increase visceral adiposity. Potent inducer for ER stress.
Acquired metabolic disorders lead to…
Cellular stress ad metabolic dis-regulation.
Sodium.
Recommended dose: 1 500 mg. Can lead to hypertension.
Hypertension.
Excess sodium causes a change in the ion pumps of the heart, thereby impacting the contraction of heart muscles.
Glucose and fructose are…
Essential signalling and regulatory molecules.
Cholesterol in the body is required for…
Membranes, synthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids.
Palmitic acid is an important…
Membrane component; involved in protein modification.
Function of sodium in the body.
Muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and water balance in the body.
Xenobiotics.
Components in an environment released by man; not natural, so they are present in higher concentrations.
Trehalose and C. difficile.
Only a highly pathogenic strain of C. difficile can grow on trehalose.
Environment risk factors that influence disease burden.
Pollution and physical inactivity.
Intrinsic factors.
Gene variations, sex, age.
Gene variations.
Inherited genetic defects or epigenetics (interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the way genes are transcribed).
Epigenetics.
The way the environment affects the way DNA is transcribed.
Familial Hyperlipidemia (FH).
Inherited genetic disorder that leads to excess lipids in the blood due to defective LDL receptor gene; there can be excess cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.
Female risks.
Higher fat mass and more subcutaneous tissue: more susceptible to Ischemic stroke.
Male risks.
They have more lean mass. More visceral adipose tissue increases susceptibility to organ disease and myocardial infarctions.
Age.
The older we are, the less effective we are at repairing DNA, which leads to errors, inefficient control of reactive oxygen species, and less cellular communication.
Gut microbiota.
Collection of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya colonizing the GI tract.
An imbalance in gut microbiome can lead to…
Inflammatory bowel disease and Type II diabetes.
3 types of models for developing optimal nutrition strategies.
Human models, in vitro models, and animal models.
Human models.
Provides descriptive information; we cannot use humans to test theories.
In vitro models.
We can find which receptor gene is inactivated, etc.
Animal models.
Used to conduct tests and design more efficient nutrition strategies.
Future of nutritional science.
Personalized nutrition: acconts for microbiota, food consumed, lifestyle variations, and glycemic response control for diabetics.
