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Metabolism and Nutrition > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Undernutrition.

A

Deficiency.

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2
Q

How is undernutrition tackled?

A

Through food fortification.

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3
Q

Increased BMI is linked to …

A

Increased prevalence of obesity.

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4
Q

Nutrition transition.

A

Modernization and urbanization has led to a shift in diet; more sedentary lifestyles.

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5
Q

Main principle of nutrition transition.

A

We are eating food with more energy density and less nutrient diversity; leads to metabolic disorders.

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6
Q

Metabolic disorders.

A

Normal metabolic processes are disturbed.

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7
Q

Factors in metabolic disorders.

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic factors interact in the body.

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8
Q

Extrinsic factors.

A

Food (energy), lifestyle, cheap calories, unconscious calories, palmitic acid (saturated fat), cholesterol, carbohydrates.

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9
Q

Calorie requirement for a sedentary male.

A

2 500 calories per day.

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10
Q

Calorie requirement for a sedentary female.

A

1 900 calories per day.

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11
Q

Evidence has shown that which fat increases the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

Palmitic acid, an unsaturated fat used for its mouthfeel and stable properties.

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12
Q

Cholesterol.

A

Comes from animal products; LDL contributes to plaque build-up in the arterial wall.

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13
Q

Issue with fructose.

A

Consuming fructose can decrease insulin sensitivity in overweight or obese humans; it can also increase visceral adiposity. Potent inducer for ER stress.

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14
Q

Acquired metabolic disorders lead to…

A

Cellular stress ad metabolic dis-regulation.

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15
Q

Sodium.

A

Recommended dose: 1 500 mg. Can lead to hypertension.

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16
Q

Hypertension.

A

Excess sodium causes a change in the ion pumps of the heart, thereby impacting the contraction of heart muscles.

17
Q

Glucose and fructose are…

A

Essential signalling and regulatory molecules.

18
Q

Cholesterol in the body is required for…

A

Membranes, synthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids.

19
Q

Palmitic acid is an important…

A

Membrane component; involved in protein modification.

20
Q

Function of sodium in the body.

A

Muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and water balance in the body.

21
Q

Xenobiotics.

A

Components in an environment released by man; not natural, so they are present in higher concentrations.

22
Q

Trehalose and C. difficile.

A

Only a highly pathogenic strain of C. difficile can grow on trehalose.

23
Q

Environment risk factors that influence disease burden.

A

Pollution and physical inactivity.

24
Q

Intrinsic factors.

A

Gene variations, sex, age.

25
Q

Gene variations.

A

Inherited genetic defects or epigenetics (interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the way genes are transcribed).

26
Q

Epigenetics.

A

The way the environment affects the way DNA is transcribed.

27
Q

Familial Hyperlipidemia (FH).

A

Inherited genetic disorder that leads to excess lipids in the blood due to defective LDL receptor gene; there can be excess cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.

28
Q

Female risks.

A

Higher fat mass and more subcutaneous tissue: more susceptible to Ischemic stroke.

29
Q

Male risks.

A

They have more lean mass. More visceral adipose tissue increases susceptibility to organ disease and myocardial infarctions.

30
Q

Age.

A

The older we are, the less effective we are at repairing DNA, which leads to errors, inefficient control of reactive oxygen species, and less cellular communication.

31
Q

Gut microbiota.

A

Collection of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya colonizing the GI tract.

32
Q

An imbalance in gut microbiome can lead to…

A

Inflammatory bowel disease and Type II diabetes.

33
Q

3 types of models for developing optimal nutrition strategies.

A

Human models, in vitro models, and animal models.

34
Q

Human models.

A

Provides descriptive information; we cannot use humans to test theories.

35
Q

In vitro models.

A

We can find which receptor gene is inactivated, etc.

36
Q

Animal models.

A

Used to conduct tests and design more efficient nutrition strategies.

37
Q

Future of nutritional science.

A

Personalized nutrition: acconts for microbiota, food consumed, lifestyle variations, and glycemic response control for diabetics.

Metabolism and Nutrition (12 decks)

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