Lecture 11 Flashcards
Q-PCR.
Looking at mRNA and how they change in response to a particular condition.
Microarray analysis.
Look at messenger RNA in the cell.
RNA-seq.
Provides sequence information and relative abundance of the transcripts.
Proteomic analysis.
Looking at proteins, not mRNA. Qualitative: what kinds of protein are there. Quantitative: cam also be determined.
Levels in genes.
Genes to transcriptome to proteome.
Natural transgenesis.
The entire gene from another organism, without modification, is inserted into the model.
Synthetic DNA.
Directing the expression of a gene to specific tissue using tissue-spefcific types of promoters.
Over-expression of LDL receptors in mice.
They make more LDL receptors. This means that there is a smaller amount of lipoproteins in the blood even in the case of high fat diets. However, why do transgenic mice show a decrease in HDL? There is not much cholesterol in the peripheral tissues, so HDL does not accumulate to an appreciable amount.
How can you separate lipoproteins?
By size.
Increased expression of LDL receptors in mice.
Provides a resistance to diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. It is a gain of function modification.
Global modification.
The gene can be “knocked-out” of the entire animal.
Local modification.
The gene is “knocked-out” of specific tissues or cells.
Expression of genes can be “knocked-down” over a developmental period.
Example: expression of lactase in humans.
What does a fertilized egg normally turn into?
A blastocyst.
Embryonic stem cells.
They require support of blastocysts that produce growth factors. LIF (hormone) prevents differentiation of the embryonic stem cells. We can take the ES cells and put them into new blastocysts because they are totipotent; the modification can then be propagated for generations.
