Lecture 2 Flashcards
Biologic behavior is determined by what
–Histologic type
–Location
–Grade
–Other prognostic factors
Tumors associated with hypertrophic osteopathy
- lung tumors
* large abdominal tumors
Secondary effect of pituitary adenoma
secondary hyperadrenocorticism
secondary effect of pheochromocytoma
secretion of catecholamines leading to hypertension and tachycardia
secondary effect of insulinoma
hypoglycemia
secondary effect of sertoli cell tumors
feminization, aplastic anemia
secondary effect of thyroid adenoma
paraneoplastic disorders
metastatic cascade (5 steps)
- cell detachment and vascular invasion
- transport and survival in the circulation
- aggregation of platelets and fibrin; arrest at new location
- extravasation into surrounding parenchyma
- establishment of new growth
non-metastasizing
probably only benign tumors
Late metastasizing
spread long after primary tumor appears (TVT,sertoli cell tumor, hemangiopericytoma)
Early/Rapid metastasizing
metastasis has occured often before the primary tumor is detected (osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, oral melanoma, tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma)
patterns of metastasis
Lymphatic (perianal gland carcinomas spread to sublumbar nodes), hematogenous (osteosarcoma to lung, hemangiosarcoma to liver), or combo (lymphoma, mast cell tumors, histiocytic tumors)
prognostic factors from histology rely on what 3 parameters?
histologic diagnosis, margins, invasiveness
Tumor grade depends on what?
- Degree of differentiation
- Percent necrosis
- Sometimes invasiveness, presence of markers, vessel invasion
- Mitotic index (or as separate criteria)
- Numeric or descriptive
Staging TML method
determination of what the tumor has actually done to the patient at the time of diagnosis.
–Tumor- The tumor itself can predict a poor prognosis
–Lymph node(s)
–Distant Metastasis- nearly always poor prognosis
CT scan best for what type of masses?
–best for boney masses
–best for screening for metastasis
MR is good for what?
–but best for local soft tissue exams
Lymph node evaluation
- Front leg
- Hind leg below knee
- Hind leg above knee, ventral abdomen
- Anal / perianal area
- Lungs
- Abdomen
- prescapular node
- popliteal node
- inguinal node
- sublumbar nodes
- hilar nodes
- sternal node
Indications for CT
–Intra-abdominal masses or organ infiltration
–Tumors on caudal half of body with a tendency to metastasize- MCT, perianal gland tumors, mammary tumors
–Tumors with high propensity for visceral or lymphatic metastasis (spleen and liver)- grade III MCT, histiocytic tumors, lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma
–Unknown primary
tests indicated for LSA, plasma cell tumor?
bone marrow aspirate
test indicated for MCT
buffy coat smear
test indicted for plasma cell tumor
protein electrophoresis
test indicated for osteosarcoma
bone scan
tumors predisposed to intact male dogs
perianal adenoma, testicular tumors
tumors predisposed to castrated male dogs
prostate
tumors predisposed to females
(1) Ovarian, uterine, vaginal, mammary
(2) Transitional cell carcinoma- dogs
Features of malignancy
Anisokaryosis, Anisocytosis, multinucleation, nucleoli, pleomorphism, mitotic figures
Occasions where biopsy is not required
- Cytology was diagnostic
- Imaging was diagnostic
- Diffuse metastatic disease is identified (?)
- Knowledge of tumor type will not alter treatment (often an owner choice- but
this should be of minimal influence. An owner must understand you can not
recommend therapy if they won’t allow you to diagnose the problem accurately) - If biopsy is as difficult or dangerous as the treatment (cardiac, vascular, brain
lesions)
