Lecture 2 Flashcards
Define cognition
to know
what type of psychology studies the Science of how people think, learn, remember and perceive
Cognitive psychology
What do cognitive psychologists say about how we represent thought and ideas
Cognitive psychologists propose that we represent ideas, knowledges and memory through mental representations….
A structure in our mind, like an idea or image, that stands for something else
Allow us to think about and remember things in the past and imagine things in the future
Allow us to think about abstract ideas, things that couldn’t exist or don’t exist
a mental representations
visual or verbal system was in place first?
visual
what percentage of the population cannot do visual imagery
2%
Are there groups of people who do the mental rotation task better than others? why?
boys are better at doing this than girls. Perhaps testosterone is to be responsible but data is not consistent
what is a concept (in verbal representation notes)
Mental grouping of objects, events, or people, most basic unit of knowledge
) Concept hierarchy
Arrangement of concepts from general to specific
Lets us know concepts are related in a certain way
A more complex model of how we store and organise our knowledge
The location of a concept is based on its relation to other concepts
Concepts are associated in a network based on how strong their connection to each other is
Associations between concepts might activate many networks or “nodes”
Relation between concepts can be a “HAS”, “CAN”, “IS A”
Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)
Category
Organizes concepts around shared characteristics/ what they have in common
what is a prototype?
The best-fitting examples of a category
Process of drawing inferences or conclusions based on principles and evidence
reasoning
Reasoning from general states of what is known to specific conclusions
deductive reasoning
: Draws general conclusions from specific evidence
inductive reasoning
Often used with inductive reasoning
Judgements about whether one thing causes another
causal references
The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one’s beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one’s beliefs
- related to inductive reasoning
confirmation bias
“The ability to analyze facts, generate and organize ideas, defend opinions, make comparisons, draw inferences, evaluate arguments, and solve problems”
critical thinking
In 1980s, scientists discussing critical thinking unanimously agreed that ___, ___, and ____ were aspects of critical thinking
Analyzing
Evaluating
Making inferences
In 1980s, scientists discussing critical thinking 3/4s agreed that ___, ___, and ____ were aspects of critical thinking
Interpreting
Explaining
self-regulating
Ability to think and then to reflect on one’s thinking
metacognitive thinking
Involves the cognitive skills required to generate, test and revise theories
scientific thinking
what is the rational choice theory based on?
behaviourism
Evidence against rational choice theory
Not all thinking is rational
People commonly jump to conclusions
What is rational choice theory
the theory that one will pick the option that will likely help the person achieve their goals
Occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone
conjuction fallacy
mental representation of a class of objects, scenes, events, ect
schema
mental representations of familiar types of problems
reasoning schemas
what are heuristics
Mental shortcuts; methods for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgements
Allow us to come to quick and efficient decisions
Representative heuristics
Mental shortcut that that helps us make a decision by comparing info to our mental projection/ prototype
Availability heuristics
Mental shortcut that helps us make a decision based on how easy it is to bring something to mind
what is this an example of (heuristics):
someone describes an older woman who loves children we assume that woman is a grandmother because it fits the mental image of a grandmother
representative heuristics
differences in vocab tests and executive functioning skills of bilingual children vs monolingual children
Vocab tests: monolingual children scored higher
Executive functioning skills: bilingual children scored higher
when does it start to become difficult to learn a second language?
7 years old
at what age does the period when a child can learn a new language without an accent finish?
13-15 years old ``
When a second language is added in expense of the first, native language and culture
subtractive bilingualism
Explain what bilingualism can do for the brain
Ppl fluent in two languages have more efficient cognitive processing
Ppl fluent in two languages develop dementia an average of 4 years later than those who only know one language
Bilingual children have better metacognition than monolingual children as learning a second language requires one to reflect on their own thoughts
