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Dental Anesthesiology 2020 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the soma of a neuron?

A

-Cell body (provide metabolic support for neuron)

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2
Q

What are myelinated neurons known as?

A

-Schwann cells

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3
Q

What are the spaces between Schwann cells known as?

A

-Nodes of Ranvier

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4
Q

How many successive nodes have to be blocked to have anesthesia?

A

-3

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5
Q

T/F If only one node is blocked there is enough current to activate the following node

A

True

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6
Q

When delivering anesthetic what order of sensations disappear?

A
  • Pain
  • cold
  • warm
  • touch
  • deep pressure
  • motor (first to reappear)
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7
Q

What two fibers are involved with pain?

A
  • Delta

- dGammaC

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8
Q

What is the nerve membrane composed of?

A

-Phospholipid bilayer

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9
Q

What are the two types of gradients involved with neurons?

A
  • Concentration gradient

- Electrochemical gradient

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10
Q

What is the Resting membrane potential?

A
  • -70 mV
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11
Q

Is the inside or outside portion of the cell negatively charged?

A

-Inside

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12
Q

What occurs in the initial phase of slow depolarization?

A

-Membrane becomes more permeable to Na+ ions mediated by gated ion channels (allows for massive influx of Na+ ions)

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13
Q

What does the rapid influx of Na+ ions change the membrane potential to?

A
  • -55mV (firing threshold)
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14
Q

What does giving local anesthetic do to the firing threshold?

A

-Makes it larger (So instead of going from -70 to -55 it would have to go much further)

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15
Q

What occurs during repolarization?

A

Cell becomes impermeable to Na+ ions and increased permeability to K+ ions

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16
Q

Do the K+ ions get pumped into or out of the cell during repolarization?

A

-Gets pumped from the inside to the outside

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17
Q

What is the magnitude of difference in negative electrical potential needed to initiate an action potential known as?

A

-Firing threshold

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18
Q

What is the firing threshold value?

A

15 mV

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19
Q

What is the first sensation do disappear?

A

-Pain

20
Q

Where do local anesthetics work?

A

-Interfere with excitation process (membrane potential, threshold potential, depolarization)

21
Q

What does the membrane expansion theory state?

A

-The membrane shape is changed making it impermeable to ions

22
Q

What is the specific receptor theory?

A

-The local anesthetic blocks passage at specific receptors

23
Q

The sodium channel densities are higher in myelinated or unmyelinated nerves?

A

-Myelinated nerves (20,000 micrometer more)

24
Q

What is the primary action of local anesthetics?

A

-Produce a decrease in Na+ permeability

25
Q

What ions bind to the Na+ channels to open the Na+ channels?

A

-Ca2+

26
Q

T/F K+, Ca2+, and Cl- remain unaffected by local anesthetics.

A

True

27
Q

What are essential qualities of a good local anesthetic?

A
  • Non-irritating
  • Limited damage
  • Low toxicity
  • Effective
  • Short onset
  • Long duration of action
28
Q

Who is affected by toxicity of local anesthetics most?

A

-Pediatric patients (lower volume of blood)

29
Q

What are two local anesthetic classifications?

A
  • Amino esters

- Amino amides

30
Q

What type of local anesthetic class is readily hydrolyzed in aqueous solutions?

A

-Amino esters

31
Q

What type of local anesthetic class is resistant to hydrolysis?

A

-Amino amides

32
Q

What are the three parts of local anesthetics?

A
  • Lipophilic part
  • Intermediate chain
  • Hydrophilic part
33
Q

What are local anesthetics known as in terms of a material?

A

-Amphipathic materials

34
Q

What is the pKa range of local anesthetics?

A

-7.5-10

35
Q

Are anesthetics combined with acids?

A

-Yes (anesthetics are weakly basic)

36
Q

What are the two forms that local anesthetics exist in a solution

A
  • Cation

- Base

37
Q

Does the cation or base travel through the nerve sheath into the intracellular environment?

A

-Base

38
Q

Once the base enters the intracellular environment what occurs?

A

-It converts back to the cation stage

39
Q

Do the majority of molecules exist in the cationic or base form for local anesthetics?

A

-Cationic

40
Q

If a tissue is inflamed what percent of cationic cells of local anesthetics exist?

A

-99%

41
Q

What is the normal tissue pH?

A

7.4

42
Q

T/F Benzocaine is readily ionizable

A

False

-It is not readily ionizable

43
Q

Mucous membrane have what type of buffering capacity?

A

-Poor

44
Q

T/F Benzocaine is a great topical anesthetic

A

True

45
Q

Is benzocaine affected by pH?

A

-No

46
Q

What is the pH of an inflamed area?

A

5-6

47
Q

The primary action of local anesthetics in producing a conduction block is to decrease the permeability of the ion channel to what ion?

A

-Na+

Dental Anesthesiology 2020 (9 decks)

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