Lecture 2 Flashcards
trauma
physical injury or wound that is produced by an external or internal force
load
external force or forces acting on internal tissue
stiffness
ability of a tissue to resist a load
stress
internal resistance to an external load
strain
extent of deformation of tissue under loading
deformation
change in shape of a tissue
elasticity
property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation
yield point
elastic limit of tissue
plastic
deformation of tissue that exists after the load is removed
creep
deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time
mechanical failure
exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain, causing tissue to break down
injuries
caused by external forces directed on the body that result in internal alteration in anatomical structures that are of sufficient magnitude to cause damage or destruction to that tissue
compression
external loads applied toward one another in opposite directions
tension
a force that pulls or stretches tissue. equal and opposite external loads that pull a structure apart
shearing
equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces to more in parallel directions relative to one another
bending
4 point: two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure
3 point: three forces cause bending
axial load: when an already bowed structure in axially loaded
torsion
twisting in opposite directions from the opposite ends of a structure
skeletal muscle
- composed of contractile cells, called fibers
- produce movement
- have connective tissue covering
tendon
- band of dense connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to a bone
- usually cord-like, but occasionally broad/flat (aponeurosis)
- sometimes covered by a tendon sheath whose layers slide along each other as the tendon moves to decrease friction
Fascia
- dense sheet of connective tissue that lines the body wall
- in the limbs, fascia separates each region into compartments whose muscles tend to have similar actions and innervations
- around some joints, there are thickened bands of fascia called retinacula that help keep tendons anchored down
Types of muscular injuries
strains, cramps, gaurding, spasm, soreness, tendinitis/tendinosis, tenosynovitis, and contusions
Cramps
involuntary muscle contraction
Gaurding
muscle contraction in response to pain
Spasm
reflex reaction caused by trauma
Soreness
caused by overexertion in exercise (ex: DOMS)
Tenosynovitis
inflamation of tendon and its synovial sheath
Muscle strains
stretch, tear or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue
Grade 1 strain
some fibers have been stretched resulting in tenderness and pain
Grade 2 strain
number of fibers have been torn, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result
grade 3 strain
complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction, significant impairment, with initially great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage
Tendinitis
- gradual onset, with diffuse tenderness due to repeated microtrauma and degenerative changes
- inflammation of the tendon
- obvious signs of swelling and pain
- crepitus(sticking of tendon due to inflammatory by-products on irritated tissue
Tendinosis
a result of improper healing of tendinitis
Tendinopathy
refers to both tendinitis and tendinosis
Contusion
- bruise
- hematoma results from blood and lymph flow into surrounding tissue
Myositis ossificans
generation of calcium deposits due to chronically inflamed and contused tissue
Ligament
- thick band of dense connective tissue that resists a particular force
Extracapsular ligament
a ligament located outside the articular capsule
Intracapsular ligament
a ligament located inside the articular capsule
Meniscus
pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces that absorbs shock & increases the stability of the joint
Labrum
Ring of fibrocartilage surrounding the “socket” of ball-and-socket jounts that increases the stability of the joint
Bursa
fluid-filled sac-like structure located between tissue to reduce friction
Types of joint injuries
ligament sprain, dislocation/subluxation, osteoarthritis, and bursitis
Ligament sprain
stretch, tear or rip of ligament
Grade 1 sprain
some stretching of ligament fibers. some pain, minimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, and mild point tenderness
Grade 2 sprain
some tearing of ligament fibers. pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, and instability with tearing and separation of ligament fibers
Grade 3 sprain
total tearing of the ligament. Extremely painful, inevitable loss of function, sever instability and swelling, and may also represent subluxation
Dislocation
Bone is forced out of alignment and stays out until it is manually or surgically reduced
Subluxation
Bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
Types of fractures
open, closed, greenstick, spiral, avulsion, comminuted,
Open fracture
Displacement of the fracture causes bone to break through tissue
Closed fracture
Little movement or displacement, does not penetrate superficial tissue
Greenstick fracture
Incomplete break in bones that have not completely ossified
Spiral fracture
S-shaped separation
Avulsion fracture
Separation of bone fragment from its cortex at an attachment of a ligament or tendon
Comminuted fracture
Three or more fragments at the fracture site
