Lecture 2

Question 1

trauma

Answer 1

physical injury or wound that is produced by an external or internal force

Question 2

load

Answer 2

external force or forces acting on internal tissue

Question 3

stiffness

Answer 3

ability of a tissue to resist a load

Question 4

stress

Answer 4

internal resistance to an external load

Question 5

strain

Answer 5

extent of deformation of tissue under loading

Question 6

deformation

Answer 6

change in shape of a tissue

Question 7

elasticity

Answer 7

property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation

Question 8

yield point

Answer 8

elastic limit of tissue

Question 9

plastic

Answer 9

deformation of tissue that exists after the load is removed

Question 10

creep

Answer 10

deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time

Question 11

mechanical failure

Answer 11

exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain, causing tissue to break down

Question 12

injuries

Answer 12

caused by external forces directed on the body that result in internal alteration in anatomical structures that are of sufficient magnitude to cause damage or destruction to that tissue

Question 13

compression

Answer 13

external loads applied toward one another in opposite directions

Question 14

tension

Answer 14

a force that pulls or stretches tissue. equal and opposite external loads that pull a structure apart

Question 15

shearing

Answer 15

equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces to more in parallel directions relative to one another

Question 16

bending

Answer 16

4 point: two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure
3 point: three forces cause bending
axial load: when an already bowed structure in axially loaded

Question 17

torsion

Answer 17

twisting in opposite directions from the opposite ends of a structure

Question 18

skeletal muscle

Answer 18

• composed of contractile cells, called fibers
• produce movement
• have connective tissue covering

Question 19

tendon

Answer 19

• band of dense connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to a bone
• usually cord-like, but occasionally broad/flat (aponeurosis)
• sometimes covered by a tendon sheath whose layers slide along each other as the tendon moves to decrease friction

Question 20

Fascia

Answer 20

• dense sheet of connective tissue that lines the body wall
• in the limbs, fascia separates each region into compartments whose muscles tend to have similar actions and innervations
• around some joints, there are thickened bands of fascia called retinacula that help keep tendons anchored down

Question 21

Types of muscular injuries

Answer 21

strains, cramps, gaurding, spasm, soreness, tendinitis/tendinosis, tenosynovitis, and contusions

Question 22

Cramps

Answer 22

involuntary muscle contraction

Question 23

Gaurding

Answer 23

muscle contraction in response to pain

Question 24

Spasm

Answer 24

reflex reaction caused by trauma

Question 25

Soreness

Answer 25

caused by overexertion in exercise (ex: DOMS)

Question 26

Tenosynovitis

Answer 26

inflamation of tendon and its synovial sheath

Question 27

Muscle strains

Answer 27

stretch, tear or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue

Question 28

Grade 1 strain

Answer 28

some fibers have been stretched resulting in tenderness and pain

Question 29

Grade 2 strain

Answer 29

number of fibers have been torn, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result

Question 30

grade 3 strain

Answer 30

complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction, significant impairment, with initially great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage

Question 31

Tendinitis

Answer 31

- gradual onset, with diffuse tenderness due to repeated microtrauma and degenerative changes - inflammation of the tendon - obvious signs of swelling and pain - crepitus(sticking of tendon due to inflammatory by-products on irritated tissue

Question 32

Tendinosis

Answer 32

a result of improper healing of tendinitis

Question 33

Tendinopathy

Answer 33

refers to both tendinitis and tendinosis

Question 34

Contusion

Answer 34

- bruise | - hematoma results from blood and lymph flow into surrounding tissue

Question 35

Myositis ossificans

Answer 35

generation of calcium deposits due to chronically inflamed and contused tissue

Question 36

Ligament

Answer 36

- thick band of dense connective tissue that resists a particular force

Question 37

Extracapsular ligament

Answer 37

a ligament located outside the articular capsule

Question 38

Intracapsular ligament

Answer 38

a ligament located inside the articular capsule

Question 39

Meniscus

Answer 39

pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces that absorbs shock & increases the stability of the joint

Question 40

Labrum

Answer 40

Ring of fibrocartilage surrounding the "socket" of ball-and-socket jounts that increases the stability of the joint

Question 41

Bursa

Answer 41

fluid-filled sac-like structure located between tissue to reduce friction

Question 42

Types of joint injuries

Answer 42

ligament sprain, dislocation/subluxation, osteoarthritis, and bursitis

Question 43

Ligament sprain

Answer 43

stretch, tear or rip of ligament

Question 44

Grade 1 sprain

Answer 44

some stretching of ligament fibers. some pain, minimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, and mild point tenderness

Question 45

Grade 2 sprain

Answer 45

some tearing of ligament fibers. pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, and instability with tearing and separation of ligament fibers

Question 46

Grade 3 sprain

Answer 46

total tearing of the ligament. Extremely painful, inevitable loss of function, sever instability and swelling, and may also represent subluxation

Question 47

Dislocation

Answer 47

Bone is forced out of alignment and stays out until it is manually or surgically reduced

Question 48

Subluxation

Answer 48

Bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place

Question 49

Bursitis

Answer 49

inflammation of a bursa

Question 50

Types of fractures

Answer 50

open, closed, greenstick, spiral, avulsion, comminuted,

Question 51

Open fracture

Answer 51

Displacement of the fracture causes bone to break through tissue

Question 52

Closed fracture

Answer 52

Little movement or displacement, does not penetrate superficial tissue

Question 53

Greenstick fracture

Answer 53

Incomplete break in bones that have not completely ossified

Question 54

Spiral fracture

Answer 54

S-shaped separation

Question 55

Avulsion fracture

Answer 55

Separation of bone fragment from its cortex at an attachment of a ligament or tendon

Question 56

Comminuted fracture

Answer 56

Three or more fragments at the fracture site