Lecture 2

Question 0

What are the different types of hormones

Answer 0

• peptides
• amino acids derivatives
• steroids
• lipids

Question 1

What are hormones?

Answer 1

Chemicals released by specific glands that are released into the bloodstream.

Question 2

Which type of hormone is lipid soluble?

Answer 2

Steroids

Question 3

Steps of how hormones work.

Answer 3

Release -> circulation -> receptor -> change

Question 4

What do the hypothalamic releasing hormones do

Answer 4

Stimulate the production/release of other hormones.

Question 5

Examples of hypothalamic releasing hormones

Answer 5

-Thyrotropin releasing hormones (TRH) 
TSH, PRL
-Growth hormone releasing hormone / somatocrinin GHRH)
-gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gnrh) 
FSH, LH 
-melanotropin releasing hormone 
-corricotropin releasing hormone

Question 6

Examples hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

Answer 6

Peptide hormones
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone / somatostatin (GHIH)
Gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH)

Amino acid derivative
Dopamine inhibits prolactin and melanotropin release from ant pit (PIH) (MIH)

Question 7

What are the three types of cells of the anterior pituitary

Answer 7

Acidophils
Basophils
Chromophobes

Question 8

What hormones do Acidophis cells produce.

Answer 8

PRL and GH

Question 9

What does GH do?

Answer 9

It stimulates the release of somatomedins (IGFs) from liver kidney and other tissue

Question 10

Describe functions of PRL

Answer 10

1. Reproduction (forms corps lut and establishes maternal behavior)
2. Growth & development
3. Water and electrolyte balance
4. Maintenance of certain integumentary structures (skin, hair, nails, ducts)
5. Necessary for maintaining LH receptors in testes & regulating estrogen receptors in females

Question 11

Examples of hormones from basophils

Answer 11

• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
• FSH
• LH
• TSH

Question 12

What is ACTH essential for

Answer 12

Stress response

Question 13

Examples of:
- gluccocorticoids,

• mineralocorticoids
• epinephrine

Answer 13

• Cortisol & corticosterone
• aldosterone
• adrenaline

Question 14

Functions of glucocorticoids

Answer 14

• increase blood glucose
• decrease immune response
• work in concert with E/ NE

Question 15

Where is Epinephrine / Norepinephrine released from and what are the five major effects

Answer 15

It’s released from adrenal medulla
It’s effects are

1. Increase HR/cardiac output
2. Vasoconstriction (deep & superficial)
3. Dilation (skeletal and liver)
4. Increase glycolysis
5. Increase blood glucagon/ decrease insulin secretion

Question 16

What are LH and FSH and what hormones stimulates and inhibits them.

Answer 16

It’s FSH stimulates follicle development and LH triggers follicle rupture.

GnRH stimulates their release
GnIH inhibits their release

Question 17

Where is C21: progestins produced and what are the roles.

Answer 17

They are produced in the gonads (corpus lutea & follicles)

They roles are supplying pregnancy and they are a prohormone

Question 18

In the testis what are the Lydig cells and what does Sertoli cells produce.

Answer 18

Lydig cells are the primary hormone producing cell in the testis and Sertoli cells produce androgen binding protein.

Question 19

Where are c19: Androgens produced and where are c18: estrogens produced.

Answer 19

Androgens are produced in Leydig cells of testes and estrogens are produced in ovaries and corpus lutea.

Question 20

What hormone controls the onset of puberty and seasonal mating and which hormone is the opposite

Answer 20

Kisspeptin (neurohormone) is the onset of puberty and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone is the opposite.

Question 21

Name effects of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

Answer 21

• increase glucose metabolism (heat production)
• reproduction
• growth and development

Question 22

What is cretinism

Answer 22

underactivity of the thyroid gland at birth due to deficiency of iodine in the mother’s diet during pregnancy.

Question 23

Explain homeostasis of blood calcium level.

Answer 23

When calcium rises above set point thyroid releases calcitonin to drop it. if calcium falls below set point parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) to raise blood calcium level.

Question 24

Where is oxytocin produced and released and what are its effects.

Answer 24

Produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary. 
Effects include 
-uterine contractions
-Milk let down
-pair bonding/ trust 
-parental behaviors

Question 25

Where is ADH produced and released and what are its effects.

Answer 25

Produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary.
Effects include homeostasis in blood of water, glucose and salt.
In the brains it affects social behaviors, HPA axis, and sexually dimorphic

Question 26

What are the islets cells of langerhans and what do they produce

Answer 26

Alpha cells; glucagon
Beta cells; insulin
Delta cells; somatostatin
Epilson cells; ghrelin

Question 27

What is the only hormone to reduce blood glucose

Answer 27

Insulin

Question 28

What does glucagon do?

Answer 28

It acts on the liver increasing blood glucose. It stimulates glycogenolysis.

Question 29

What does somatostatin /GHIH do?

Answer 29

It inhibits the release of insulin & glycogen (paracrine mediation) and GH (endocrine mediation)

Question 30

Describe functions of ghrelin

Answer 30

• it stimulates GHRH

- it’s released when stomach is empty and it increases food intake and fat deposition

Question 31

Where is leptin released where does it act on and what does it do.

Answer 31

It’s released from adipose tissue it acts in the hypothalamus and it decreases feeding.

Question 32

What hormones are known as trophic hormones ?

Answer 32

Adrenocorticotropic hormones ACTH
Luteinazing hormone LH
Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH