Lecture 2 Flashcards
What are the different types of hormones
- peptides
- amino acids derivatives
- steroids
- lipids
What are hormones?
Chemicals released by specific glands that are released into the bloodstream.
Which type of hormone is lipid soluble?
Steroids
Steps of how hormones work.
Release -> circulation -> receptor -> change
What do the hypothalamic releasing hormones do
Stimulate the production/release of other hormones.
Examples of hypothalamic releasing hormones
-Thyrotropin releasing hormones (TRH) TSH, PRL -Growth hormone releasing hormone / somatocrinin GHRH) -gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gnrh) FSH, LH -melanotropin releasing hormone -corricotropin releasing hormone
Examples hypothalamic inhibiting hormones
Peptide hormones
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone / somatostatin (GHIH)
Gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH)
Amino acid derivative
Dopamine inhibits prolactin and melanotropin release from ant pit (PIH) (MIH)
What are the three types of cells of the anterior pituitary
Acidophils
Basophils
Chromophobes
What hormones do Acidophis cells produce.
PRL and GH
What does GH do?
It stimulates the release of somatomedins (IGFs) from liver kidney and other tissue
Describe functions of PRL
- Reproduction (forms corps lut and establishes maternal behavior)
- Growth & development
- Water and electrolyte balance
- Maintenance of certain integumentary structures (skin, hair, nails, ducts)
- Necessary for maintaining LH receptors in testes & regulating estrogen receptors in females
Examples of hormones from basophils
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- FSH
- LH
- TSH
What is ACTH essential for
Stress response
Examples of:
- gluccocorticoids,
- mineralocorticoids
- epinephrine
- Cortisol & corticosterone
- aldosterone
- adrenaline
Functions of glucocorticoids
- increase blood glucose
- decrease immune response
- work in concert with E/ NE
Where is Epinephrine / Norepinephrine released from and what are the five major effects
It’s released from adrenal medulla
It’s effects are
- Increase HR/cardiac output
- Vasoconstriction (deep & superficial)
- Dilation (skeletal and liver)
- Increase glycolysis
- Increase blood glucagon/ decrease insulin secretion
What are LH and FSH and what hormones stimulates and inhibits them.
It’s FSH stimulates follicle development and LH triggers follicle rupture.
GnRH stimulates their release
GnIH inhibits their release
Where is C21: progestins produced and what are the roles.
They are produced in the gonads (corpus lutea & follicles)
They roles are supplying pregnancy and they are a prohormone
In the testis what are the Lydig cells and what does Sertoli cells produce.
Lydig cells are the primary hormone producing cell in the testis and Sertoli cells produce androgen binding protein.
Where are c19: Androgens produced and where are c18: estrogens produced.
Androgens are produced in Leydig cells of testes and estrogens are produced in ovaries and corpus lutea.
What hormone controls the onset of puberty and seasonal mating and which hormone is the opposite
Kisspeptin (neurohormone) is the onset of puberty and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone is the opposite.
Name effects of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
- increase glucose metabolism (heat production)
- reproduction
- growth and development
What is cretinism
underactivity of the thyroid gland at birth due to deficiency of iodine in the mother’s diet during pregnancy.
Explain homeostasis of blood calcium level.
When calcium rises above set point thyroid releases calcitonin to drop it. if calcium falls below set point parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) to raise blood calcium level.
Where is oxytocin produced and released and what are its effects.
Produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary. Effects include -uterine contractions -Milk let down -pair bonding/ trust -parental behaviors
Where is ADH produced and released and what are its effects.
Produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary.
Effects include homeostasis in blood of water, glucose and salt.
In the brains it affects social behaviors, HPA axis, and sexually dimorphic
What are the islets cells of langerhans and what do they produce
Alpha cells; glucagon
Beta cells; insulin
Delta cells; somatostatin
Epilson cells; ghrelin
What is the only hormone to reduce blood glucose
Insulin
What does glucagon do?
It acts on the liver increasing blood glucose. It stimulates glycogenolysis.
What does somatostatin /GHIH do?
It inhibits the release of insulin & glycogen (paracrine mediation) and GH (endocrine mediation)
Describe functions of ghrelin
- it stimulates GHRH
- it’s released when stomach is empty and it increases food intake and fat deposition
Where is leptin released where does it act on and what does it do.
It’s released from adipose tissue it acts in the hypothalamus and it decreases feeding.
What hormones are known as trophic hormones ?
Adrenocorticotropic hormones ACTH
Luteinazing hormone LH
Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
