Lecture 2 & 3 Flashcards
Corticospinal tract
main motor pathway in humans
begins in M1 and projects down
control on opposite side of body
Upper motor neurons
all in the CNS
project from cortex down to the brainstem or spinal cord
Lower motor neurons
CNS/PNS
located in anterior horns
affect muscles in periphery
Somatic sensation
touch, pain, temperature, vibration, proprioception
Somatic systems
DCML
ALS
have pseudounipolar neurons
ALS conveys
pain, temperature sense, crude touch
DCML conveys
proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch
impact on Broca’s area
cannot produce language
impact on wernicke’s area
can produce language but not sensible
Apraxia
parietal lobe
abnormalities in conceptualizing, planning, executing
Hemineglect
parietal lobe
neglect of contralateral side
distortion of space
Ansognosia
parietal lobe
unawareness of deficit
Extinction
parietal lobe
unable to correctly identified stimulus when simultaneously presented; can’t identify on opposite side of lesion
Frontal release signs
grasp, root, suck, snout
Perseveration
frontal lobe
repeating same action over and over again
Personality changes
frontal lobe
impaired judgement, cheerful lack of concern, inappropriate joking
Abulic
frontal lobe
stare passively and respond to commands after long delay
Magnetic gait
frontal lobe
feet shuffling close to floor
Prosopagnosia
Visual association cortex
inability to recognize faces
Achromatopsia
Visual association cortex
inability to recognize colors
Palinopsia
Visual association cortex
persistent or reappearance of an object viewed earlier
Thalamus
important relay center of the cortex
made mostly of gray matter
each sensory modality has a different relay area
parkinson’s
impact on basal ganglia
Brainstem
all info passing between cerebral hemispheres and spinal cord passes through here
contains nuclei that help with neurotransmitters, pain, HR, BP, respiration, motor system
Reticular formation
extends through brainstem from medulla to midbrain. mainly arousal and sensation
caudal: invovled in motor and autonomic
rostral: level of consciousness
Tectum
roof in the midbrain
lateral horns in T10
contains cell bodies for autonomic nervous system
Limbic system
regulation of emotions, memory, appetite
lesions cause deficits in long-term memories
epileptic seizures in this area
SCALP
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurotica (galea)
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
Falx cerebri
dura mater, splits the brain in half/hemispheres
Tentorium cerebelli
dura mater, covers the cerebellum
areas above and below –supratentorial, infratentorial
opening = tentorial notch
Epidural space
space between inner surface of skull and dura
middle meningeal artery runs in here
Subdural space
space between inner layer of dura and the arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
CSF filled space
Lateral ventricle
within cerebral hemispheres
Third ventricle
within thalamus and hypothalamus
Fourth ventrilce
within pons, medulla, cerebellum
Lumbar cistern
spinal tap/punctures occur here
Sinuses
Deoxygenated blood drain into the internal jugular vein
Brain capillary
have tight junctions
requires active transport
Role of BBB
protects brain function from fluctuations in blood chemistry
Circumventricular organs
areas of BBB is interrupted
allows brain to respond to changes in chemicals
Middle cerebral artery
most common area for stroke
