lecture 2 Flashcards
Genotype
individuals genetic makeup
Meiosis
produces cells that are genetically unique from parent and contain only half of their DNA
production of sexual reproduction
Gene Flow
when an individual from a different population enters a group and breeds
ex: mountain lion crossing state lines
Genetic Drift
there is a change in a population, from a change in gene frequency based on chance events
ex: a human steps on a pile of ants
Gene Pool
the total amount of genetic material found in a distinct group that interbreeds
ex: 12 females and 6 males in a species group
Gregor Mendel
geneticist who founded alleles with researching pea plants
dominant genes are expressed
recessive alleles are NOT expressed
Mitosis
produces 2 genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single parent cell
asexual reproduction
Allele
alternative form of a gene
Phenotype
physical appearance based on the expression of its genes
ex: hair and eye color
3 types of variation
- genetic mixing and recombination
- errors that can occur when DNA is replicated
- induced my mutagens (chemicals, radiation)
Chromosome
long strand of DNA made up of many genes
Gene
hereditary unit (Mendelian)
linear portion of DNA that codes for a protein
Direct Fitness
how many biological offspring an individual has
Kin Selection
(2 predictions)
- an animal will help a relative rather than a non-relative
- an animal will prioritize closest kin over another
Sexual Selection
a selection whereby those traits related to reproductive success are emphasized and in turn, selected/passed for the next generation
Pleiotropy
a single gene regulates many unrelated structures and behaviors
ex: in mice one gene controls for color, visual sensitivity, and kidney function
Polygeny
when several different genes may influence one behavior or trait
ex: type 2 diabetes
Mixed Evolutionary Stable Strategy
more than one feeding strategy
backup feeding strategy
ex: using different foraging techniques
Evolutionary Stable Strategy
a strategy so efficient and successful that it would not be replaced by another strategy UNLESS conditions changed in an animals environment
ex: male elephant seals fighting over mating with females, whoever wins gets more breeding opportunities
Optimality Theory
when an animal is most efficient in all their behaviors such as foraging, anti-predator, mating behavior
Strategy
a course of behavior that has successfully resulted in an animal finding necessities
ex: best way to find food has favorable cost/benefit ratio
Inbreeding
mating of 2 closely related animals
Outbreeding
mating of unrelated yet similar animals
Epigenics
interaction of genes, experience, and the environment
ex: when boys were starved before puberty, they had lower rates of heart disease. Those who overate before puberty, had higher rates of heart disease
Intraueterine Effect
2M males were more aggressive in securing mates than 1M or 0M males and have more offspring
2M females were defeminized and reached sexual maturity later
Nature vs. Nurture
genes vs the environment
ex: person short bc of genes
person short bc of starvation or stress during development
Indirect Fitness
how many biological offspring your (blood-related) relatives have
Inclusive Fitness
direct fitness + indirect fitness
FsB gene
females who were more nurturing mothers had gene and those that were poor mothers had a mutant gene
