lecture 2 Flashcards
what are the three most important features of a city?
large human population, density of population, service
how did cities grow?
*High morality, urban growth promoted by three different factors:
*movement countryside to city
*agrarion development
*growth of long distance trade
what three types of migration are there?
*forced and voluntary
*temporary and permanant
*rural-urban and inter-urban
what are pre-modern town caratarized by? (the graveyard effect)
- Death rates exceeded birth rates:
* High infant mortality
* Epidemics (plague, smallpox) - Urban centers could only survive through permanent influx of migration
- Increase of urban population required twice as many people moving to the city
what two problems are there with counting early urban population?
*no solid information about size
*number related to hectars of domistic space
why did people migrate to mesopotamia?
(4 things)
*rural insecurity
*urban residents expresses membership of early citystate *communities
*forced migration
acient greece (4th 5th century bc)?
(4 things)
*city state
*60% of the people lived in cities
*farming population
*athenes: 40 000 inhabitants (slaves and ex slaves)
how many inhabitants did athenes had 4th 5th century bc?
40 000 (including ex slaves and slaves)
roman italy (4th 1th century bc)?
(3 things)
*latin colonies: walled urban centers with various functions
*state sponsored migration and voluntary migration
*urbanization level up to 20 to 32%, farming population did not live in the city
how many inhabitants did imperial rome had 4th 1th century bc?
1 milion
china 2600-2000 bc onwards large cities
*city states
*capital cities with walls and fortifacation
*Zhenzhou: (no reliable information) 100 000 inhabitants
*forced migration of families
south asia 3000 bc
(2 thing)
*large urban settlements across india
*little information about numbers of cities and size of population
name two reasons why cities emerge in south asia?
*rural urban migration
*state formation or demographic growth
what was the average level of migration in europe between 1500-1800?
13%
how many percent of urban habitants are migrants in europe between 1500-1800? and who are they?
30%, young people, single adults, temporary stay:sojouners
what was the average level of urbanisation in china ming-qing periode (1368-1912)?
5%
what problems were there with rising urban migration?
pressure of public services and poor relief
tention amoung migrants and native born
overcrowding
public order
why did cities grow?
Before 1800: migration key factor
Ancient Greece
c. 4th- 5th centuries BC
City-states
* 60% of the population lived in cities
* Farming populations
* Athens: c. 40.000 inhabitants
* Including many slaves and exslaves
Roman Italy
4th- 1st centuries BC
- Latin colonies: walled urban centers with various functions.
- State-sponsored migration and voluntary migration
- Urbanization level 20 to 32%: farming population did not live in cities
- Imperial Rome: 1 million inhabitants
Europe 1500-1800
(level of urbanization, and migrants?)
Average level of urbanization: 13%
Ca. 30% of urban inhabitants are migrants
* Young people, single adults, temporary
stay: sojouners
China from 16th century onward
(level of urbanization, and migrants?)
- Average level of urbanization 5%
- No figures on proportion of migrations (but presumably important)
Urban Migration Pyramid Europe
Large majority from the hinterland:
- Apprentices, domestic servants, day labourers
- Non specialized, low skilled, temporary and seasonal
- Many women
Urban Migration Pyramid Europe top of the pyramid intercity and longer distance:
- Artisans, merchants, entrepreneurs
- Specialized and skilled
- Inter-state migration
Urban Migration Pyramid China
- Migrants from longer distances
- Interregional
- Skilled and specialized
- Strong native-place lines
- Merchants, artisans or officials (= top
of the pyramid in Europe) - Low proportion of women
what three types of regulations are there?
- Limitation overall freedom of movement
- Entry restriction
- Freedom of movement with regulation settlement
Urban Citizenship in Europe (1500-1800)
- Inclusion and exclusion through urban corporations
- Marriage as integration mechanism
- Less strong family ties
Integration in China (1500-1800)
- Imperial household registration system
- Native – place associations
- Focus on ancestry: strong family ties
what shift was there between 1800-1900?
Level of urbanization Western world surpasses the rest of the world (the great divergence)
what is the explanation from the shift between 1800-1900?
- Industrial and agrarian revolutions
- Population growth
- Transport revolution
europe after 1900
(3 thing)
- Relatively small cities
- Integration market economy and rural hinterland
- High level of urbanization
china after 1900
(5 things)
- Large cities (over 100,000 inhabitants)
- Lower levels of urbanization
- Manufacturing in the countryside
- Place of origin and family lines important
- State policy: household registration to control migration
India after 1900
(5 things)
- Top largest cities
- Low urbanization degree: ca. 30%
- Migration pattern: temporary, seasonal
- Housing expensive
- Poor urban welfare provisioning
africa after 1900
(5 thing)
- Low urbanization degree: 37%
- Large cities, but not in top largest
- Primate cities > pull factor concentration of capital and administration and services (post colonial rule)
- Mining towns: pull factor industry
- Poor urban welfare provisioning
What did Lucassen say in the book?
Institutional arrangements are the key to understand different practices across time and space
* The quantity and quality of services and rights offered (degree of
exclusion or inclusion)
* Dependency on ethnic and kin networks
* Strength of rural-urban links
urbanization after 1900 (europe, china, india, africa)
Europe:
* Relatively small cities
* Integration market economy and rural hinterland
* High level of urbanization
China:
* Large cities (over 100,000 inhabitants)
* Lower levels of urbanization
* Manufacturing in the countryside
* Place of origin and family lines important
* State policy: household registration to control migration
India:
* Top largest cities
* Low urbanization degree: ca. 30%
* Migration pattern: temporary seasonal
* Housing expensive
* Poor urban welfare provisioning
Africa:
* Low urbanization degree: 37%
* Large cities, but not in top largest
* Primate cities > pull factor concentration of capital and administration and services (post colonial rule)
* Mining towns: pull factor industry
* Poor urban welfare provisioning
