Lecture 2

Question 1

Classification of joints

Answer 1

Synovial
Fibrous
Cartilaginous

Question 2

Synovial joints

Answer 2

joint capsule made of outer fibrous layer and lined by serous synovial membrane

capsule encloses to joint cavity

articular cartilage covers articular surfaces, other surfaces have synovial membranes

Question 3

Types of synovial joints

Answer 3

Plane
hinge
saddle
condyloid
ball and socket
pivot

Question 4

Unilateral joints

Answer 4

hinge
pivot

Question 5

Plane joints

Answer 5

permit gliding or sliding
tight joint capsule limit movement
acromioclavicular joint

Question 6

Hinge joint

Answer 6

flexion and extension only
single axis
capsule thin
collateral ligaments reinforce strength of joint
elbow joint

Question 7

Saddle joint

Answer 7

abduction, adduction, flexion, extension
two axes at right angles
biaxial
carpometacarpal joint

Question 8

Condyloid joints

Answer 8

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
biaxial
movement in one plane is greater than other
metacarpophalangeal joint

Question 9

Ball and socket joints

Answer 9

movement in multiple planes and axis
highly mobile
hip joint

Question 10

Pivot joints

Answer 10

uniaxial
permit rotation around central axis
atlanto-axial joint (in the neck)

Question 11

Fibrous Joints

Answer 11

bones united by fibrous tissue
length of fibrous tissue determines movement at the joint
suture, teeth

Question 12

Syndesmosis

Answer 12

bones united by either a ligament or fibrous membrane
radius/ulna

Question 13

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 13

united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Primary/synchondroses
Secondary/symphyses

Question 14

Primary Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 14

synchondroses
bones united by hyaline cartilage
usually temporary

Question 15

Secondary

Answer 15

Symphyses
bones united by fibrocartilage
strong, slightly movable

Question 16

Arthokinematics

Answer 16

articular movement within the joint itself

includes rolling, gliding, sliding, spinning, compression, traction.

Question 17

Osteokinematics

Answer 17

Gross movements of the bone at the joint
where is the bone going, directions of bone within a movement

Question 18

You can’t have a roll without a

Answer 18

glide

Question 19

Concave fixed

Answer 19

Convex surface rolls and glides in opposite directions

Question 20

Convex fixed

Answer 20

concave surface rolls and glides in the same direction

Question 21

Open chain

Answer 21

distal end is free

Question 22

Closed chain

Answer 22

distal end is fixed

Question 23

Open/loose-packed position

Answer 23

resting position of the body

Question 24

Closed-packed position

Answer 24

least amount of space within a joint

Question 25

Types of muscle tissue

Answer 25

skeletal striated cardiac striated smooth muscle

Question 26

Cells in skeletal striated muscle

Answer 26

large, very long, unbranched, cylindrical fibers peripherally located nuclei

Question 27

Skeletal striated muscle

Answer 27

gross muscles phasic, produces movement usually voluntary or reflexive

Question 28

Cardiac Striated Muscle

Answer 28

heart, great vessels strong, quick, rhythmic contraction. involuntary, intrinsically stimulated.

Question 29

Muscles of cardiac striated muscles

Answer 29

branching, short fibers. Transverse striations. single central nucleus

Question 30

Smooth Muscle

Answer 30

walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels. Iris, ciliary body of eye, attached to hair follicles weak, slow rhythmic, tonic contraction. involuntary. autonomic or enteric

Question 31

Smooth muscle cells

Answer 31

single or agglomerated cells. Small & spindle-shaped fibers without striations. Single central nucleus

Question 32

Quadrate muscle

Answer 32

four equal sides

Question 33

Circular muscle

Answer 33

surround a body opening or orifice

Question 34

Multi-headed muscle

Answer 34

more than one head or attachment

Question 35

Multi-bellied

Answer 35

more than on contractile belly

Question 36

Aponeurosis

Answer 36

flat sheet

Question 37

Flat muscles

Answer 37

parallel fibers, often have aponeurosis

Question 38

Pennate muscles

Answer 38

feather-like

Question 39

usiform muscles

Answer 39

spindle shaped with round, thick bellies and tapered ends

Question 40

Convergent muscles

Answer 40

arise from broad area and converge to single tendon

Question 41

Motor Unit

Answer 41

Consists of motor neuron and muscle fibers it controls motor neuron stimulated --> impulse --> contraction

Question 42

Origin

Answer 42

usually proximal end of muscle

Question 43

Insertion

Answer 43

usually distal end of muscle

Question 44

Reflexive contraction

Answer 44

certain aspects autonomic. We don't have control over these muscles.

Question 45

Tonic contraction

Answer 45

Slight contraction or relaxed. Does not produce movement or active resistance

Question 46

Phasic contraction

Answer 46

Isotonic or Isometric. It is active and resistant.

Question 47

Isotonic contractions

Answer 47

concentric or eccentric. length changes

Question 48

Concentric

Answer 48

shortening of muscle attachments are moving closer

Question 49

Eccentric

Answer 49

lengthening of muscle attachments are moving farther

Question 50

Isometric contraction

Answer 50

no movement. But there is still a "contraction". Gravity is equal to the resistance

Question 51

Prime mover

Answer 51

muscle most responsible for movement contracts concentrically expending most energy

Question 52

Fixator

Answer 52

muscles working to stabilize proximally to joint

Question 53

Synergist

Answer 53

muscles also helping with the action directly or indirectly

Question 54

Antagonist

Answer 54

muscles working against movement either opposes synergist (secondary) or prime mover (primary)

Question 55

Stability proximally means

Answer 55

movement distally