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2 MCB101 > Lecture 1A : Introduction to Microbial Physiology and Prokaryotic Cell Structures > Flashcards

Lecture 1A : Introduction to Microbial Physiology and Prokaryotic Cell Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbial Physiology?

A

Study of cell functions

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2
Q

Which is included in the study of microbial physiology?

A
  • Microbial growth
  • Microbial metabolism
  • Microbial cell structure
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3
Q

Microbial physiology is “___”

A

Structure-function relationships in microorganisms, especially how microbes respond to their environment

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4
Q

The focus of OUR microbial physiology

A

Bacteria, particularly gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli

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5
Q

Major morphologies of prokaryotic cells

A
  • Coccus
  • rod/bacillus
  • sprillum
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6
Q

spherical or ovoid

A

coccus

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7
Q

Cylindrical

A

spirillum

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8
Q

curved or spiral

A

spirillum

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9
Q

Morphology typically DOES NOT predict…..?

A
  • Physiology
  • ecology
  • phylogeny
  • other properties of a prokaryotic cell
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10
Q

The size range for prokaryotes

A

0.2 µm to >700 µm in diameter

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11
Q

Examples of very large prokaryotes

A
  • Epulopiscium fishelsoni (Italicized)
  • Thiomargarita namibiensis
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12
Q

Size range for eukaryotic cells

A

2 to >600 µm in diameter

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13
Q

Advantages of being small

A
  • More surface area to cell volume
  • greater nutrients and waste product exchange
  • tend to grow faster
  • mutations
  • eukaryotic cells adapt slower
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14
Q

Cellular organisms ___ µm in diameter are unlikely.

A

<0.15

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14
Q

why is lower than <0.15 µm in diameter is unlikely?

A
  • need volume to house proteins, nucleic acids, ribosomes etc
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15
Q

Open oceans tend to contain small cells (0.2–0.4 µm in
diameter) known as ____

A

Ultramicrobacteria

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16
Q

Genomes are highly streamlined, missing functions that must be supplied by other microbes or hosts (plants and animals).

A

Ultramicrobacteria

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17
Q

Relationship between minimum size and environment

A
  • Dictates the degree of interaction between inside and outside
  • affect two important parameters that are related
  • Cells of a given type maintain a characteristic cell size to function efficiently
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17
Q

Microorganism that are an example of the size-environment relationship

A

Verrumicorbiales
Nanobacteria

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18
Q

New isolates that grow well and maintain small cell size under relatively high nutrient growth conditions

A

Verrucomicorbiales

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19
Q

a gram negative bacteria, and abundant within the environment.

A

verrucomicorbiales

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20
Q

dwell (and are cultivated) in a relatively nutrient-rich environment, yet maintain their small cell dimensions

A

Nanobacteria

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20
Q

General structure of cytoplasmic membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer containing embedded proteins
- contains hydrophobic/philic

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20
Q

Size of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

A

8-10 nm

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21
Q

Sterol-like molecules

A

Hopanoids

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22
Q

Main function of hopanoids

A

Helps with the integrity of the brain

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22
Q

The linkage that conect fatty acid to glycerol

A

ester linkage

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23
Q

Linkage present in bacteria

A

ester

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23
Q

Linkage that is present in archea

A

Ether

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24
Q

ether is only present in

A

archea

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25
Q

Archeal lipids have ___ instead of fatty acids

A

isoprenes

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26
Q

Major lipids in archeal membrane

A
  • Phosphoglycerol with phytanyl
  • diphosphoglyceron tetraethers with biphytanyl
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27
Q

The function of Cytoplasmic membrane

A
  • Permeability barrier
  • Protein anchor
  • energy conservation and consumption
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28
Q
  • Polar and charged molecules must be transported.
  • Transport proteins accumulate solutes against the concentration gradient.
A

Permability barrier

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29
Q

holds transport proteins in place

A

Protein anchor

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30
Q

generation of proton motive force

A

energy conservation and consumption

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31
Q

The Bacterial Cell Walls

A

Peptidoglycan

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32
Q

Species of bacteria is seperated into two groups based on ____ ____

A

Gram stain

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33
Q

Gram-negative cell wall

A

two layers
- LPS
- Peptidoglycan

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34
Q

Gram-positive cell wall

A

thicker (primarily one layer of peptidoglycan)

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35
Q

rigid layer that provides strength

A

peptidoglycan

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36
Q

Components of peptidoglycan

A
  • Alternating modified glucose
  • amino cids
  • cross-linked
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37
Q

The alternating modified glucose in peptidoglycan

A

NAG and NAM

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38
Q

NAG

A

N-acetylglucosamine

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39
Q

NAM

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

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40
Q

location of NAG and NAM linkage

A

Beta-1,4 linkages

41
Q

the enzyme that can break peptidoglycan, by cleaving bonds between sugar

42
Q

Number of peptidoglycan in a gram-positive cell wall

43
Q

gram-positive cell wall commonly have ____

A

Teichoic acids

44
Q

Acidic substances, covalently bound to peptidoglycan

A

Techoic acids

45
Q

teichoic acids covalently bound to
membrane lipids

A

Lipoteichoic acids

46
Q

Few prokaryotes that lacks cell walls

A
  • mycoplasmas
  • themoplasma
47
Q

group of pathogenic bacteria related to gram-positives

A

mycoplasmas

48
Q

The Outer Membrane

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

49
Q

Components of LPS

A
  • core poly
  • O-specific-poly
  • Lipid A
50
Q

LPS is a barrier against??

A

Antibiotics and other harmful agents

51
Q

LPS replaces most of ____ in the outer half of outer membrane

A

Phospholipids

52
Q

Lipid A, the toxic component of LPS, not released by the cell

A

Endotoxin (Lipid A)

53
Q

space located between cytoplasmic and outer membranes

  • houses many extracelluar proteins
54
Q

size of periplasm

A

approx. 15 nm wide

55
Q

transmembrane protein channels for entrance and exit of solutes

56
Q

The archeal cell walls have no ____ but _____

A
  • no peptidoglycan
  • pseudomurein
57
Q
  • found in cell walls of certain methanogenic Archaea
  • polysaccharide similar to peptidoglycan
A

Pseudomurein

58
Q

components of pseudomurein

A
  • NAG and NAT
59
Q

NAG

A

N-Acetylglucosamine

60
Q

NAT

A

N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid

61
Q

glycosidic bonds of pseudomurein

62
Q

___ and ___ cannot break pseudomurein

A

lysozyme and penicillin

63
Q

Cells walls of some archaea lack pseudomurein so they contain ___ ____ ___

A

other polysaccharide polymers

64
Q

Polysaccharide polymers for archea that lacks pseudomurein

65
Q
  • most common cell wall type (in Archaea)
  • consist of protein or glycoprotein
  • paracrystalline structure
  • in many organisms, present in addition to other cell wall
    components, usually polysaccharides
  • always outermost layer
66
Q

not considered part of the cell because these do
not confer significant structural length

A

Capsules and slime layers

67
Q

tightly attached, tight matrix

68
Q

capsules is visible if treated with

69
Q

loosely attached, easily deformed

A

Slime layer

70
Q

How does capsule and slime layer cause virulence factors

A

protecs against phagocytosis of cells

71
Q

functions of capsules and slime layers

A
  • formation of biofilm
  • attachment to surfaces
  • virulence factors
  • prevents dehydration/dessication
72
Q

filamentous protein structures about 2-10nm wide

A

Fimbriae and pili

73
Q

enable organisms to stick to surfaces or form pellicles

74
Q

thin sheets of cells on a liquid surface

75
Q

are typically longer and fewer (1 or a few) found per cell than fimbriae

76
Q

types of pili

A
  • conjugative/sex pili
  • type IV pili
77
Q

facilitates genetic exchange between cells

A

Conjugative/sex pili

78
Q

adhere to host tissues and support twitching motility

A

Type IV pili

79
Q
  • Archaeal “grappling hooks”
  • assist in surface attachement , forming piofilms structurally resemble type IV pili except for barbed terminus , which attaches cells to other
A

Hamus/hami

80
Q

energy reserves, carbon reservoirs, and/or have special functions

A

Cell inclusions

81
Q

cell inclusions is enclosed by

A

thin membrane

82
Q

cell inclusions reduces

A

osmotic stress

83
Q

a lipid polymer used as biodegradable plastic

A

Poly-beta-hydroxyburic acid (PHB)

84
Q

Types of cell inclusions

A
  • Polyphosphate granules
  • Sulfur globules
  • Carbonate minerals
  • Magnetosomes
85
Q

a inclusions that is phospho-related, inorganic phosphate

A

Polyphosphate granules

86
Q

elemental sulfur found in periplasm , oxidized to sulfate

A

Sulfur granules

87
Q

biomineralization of barium , strontium, and Mg

A

Carbonate materials

88
Q

magnetic iron oxides ;allow well to undeg magrenotaxis
- migration along magnetic field lines

A

Magnetosomes

89
Q
  • confer bouyancy in planktonic cells
  • gas-filled structures made of protein
A

Gas vesicles

90
Q

shape of gas vesicles

A

Conical-shaped

91
Q

Gas vesicles is impermeable to

A

Water and solutes

92
Q

structure of gas vesicles

A

Two proteins (Gvp A and Gvp C)

93
Q

Endospores is formed during

A

Sporulation or endosporulation

94
Q
  • Highly differentiated resistant to heat, harsh chemicals, and radiation
A

Endospores

95
Q

Survival structures to endure unfavorable growth conditions

A

endospores

96
Q

the bacterial life cycle where endospore is formed

A

dormant stage

97
Q

Endospore is present only on?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

98
Q

Types of endospore location

A
  • terminal
  • Subterminal
  • Central
99
Q

bulge at the end of the cell

A

Terminal endospores

100
Q

endospore is almost in the middle

A

subterminal endospores

101
Q

endspore is located at the center

A

central endospores

102
Q

Steps of endospore formation and germination

A
  • Activation (heated for several minutes at elevated but sublethal temp)
  • Germination (rapid, in minutes, loss of resistance to heat and chemicals)
  • outgrowth (swelling from water uptake, synthesis of RNA, proteins and DNA)
103
Q

layers of endospores

A
  • Exposporium
  • Spore coat
  • Core wall
  • Cortex
  • DNA
104
Q

Endospore contains ____ acid

A

dipocolinic acid

105
Q

sCore of endospores contains

A
  • small acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP)
106
Q

bind and protect DNA and function as carbon and energy source for outgrowth

107
Q

causes the dryness of the spore

A

calcium DPA

108
Q

NAT

A

N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid

2 MCB101 (8 decks)

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