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06. Neuro Exam 2 shuffled > Lecture 19: Voluntary Motion and Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Voluntary Motion and Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What cortical areas are associated with voluntary motion?

A
  • Primary Motor Cortex
  • Supplementary Motor Cortex
  • Pre-Motor Cortex
  • Parts of Pre-frontal Cortex
  • Parietal cortex

Redundant Roles

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2
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A
  • Receives sensory information required to move
  • Determines the appropriate motion and intent of the motion (dorsal part)

Identifies goal and motion required to meet goal

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3
Q

What does the supplementary motor area of the supplementary motor cortex do?

A

Postural control

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4
Q

What is the pre-supplementary area of the supplementary motor cortex involved in?

A

Plans motor program required to make the action occur

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5
Q

What does the supplementary motor cortex?

A
  • Postural Control
  • Organize motor sequences
  • Acquire specific motor skills (with cerebellum)
  • Executive control (decision to switch actions/strategies)
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6
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A
  • Controls specific movements of the body to reach goal
    • Fine motions have high representation
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7
Q

What does layer 4 of the primary cortex do?

A

Receives sensory input from muscles and joint proprioceptors

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8
Q

What does layer 5 of the primary motor cortex do?

A
  • Output for corticopsinal tracts: axons will travel down spinal cord (UMN)
  • If axons synpase with alpha motor neuorns, they are known as pre-motor neurons
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9
Q

What sets of neurons are found in each column of the primary motor cortex?

A
  1. Start motion
  2. Maintain motion as long as necessary
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10
Q

How are columns organized in the primary motor cortex?

A

Neighboring columns have similar motions

  • Also agonist/antagonist columns are nearby each other
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11
Q

What is the visual pathway required for both reaching and grasping?

A

Dorsal visual pathway

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12
Q

How does the brain receive visual information required for reaching?

A

Visual information is relayed to specific areas of the parietal cortex:

  • V6A
  • PEc
  • MIP
  • VIP
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13
Q

What does the ventral intraparietal (VIP) area do?

What action is it involved in?

A

Creates a rough map of space around you and desired object

Reaching

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14
Q

Where does the VIP area send its information to?

A

F4 areas within in pre-motor cortex

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15
Q

What does F4 do?

How does it do it?

How does the F4 region create a detailed map of the space around you?

A

Create a detail map about the space around self.

Neurons in F4 are excited by proximity: more activity the closer the desired object is

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16
Q

Where does the super parietal cortex send information to?

What information is it sending?

A

F2 area of the pre-motor cotex

Visual information about where your arm is in space

17
Q

What does the F2 area do?

A

Creates a map about the location of arm in relationship with body and objects around self

18
Q

What actions are the anterior intraparietal area and PFG of the parietal cortex responsive to?

A

Seeing an object and grasping it

19
Q

Where does PFG/Anterior intraparietal area relay their information to?

A

F5 of the pre-motor cortex

20
Q

What does the F5 area do?

A

Respond to goal of the action

(Intended goal: to drink the tea, how it is held is not important)

21
Q

What are the functions of the spinocerebellum?

A
  • Vermis: Postural Control
  • Paravermis: Force and direction
    • Correct ongoing motions and control ballistic motions
22
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Plan complex motions and sequencing them

23
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Balance/eye movements

24
Q

What structures transmit the output from the cerebellum?

A

Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

  • Dentate
  • Emboliform
  • Globose
  • Fastigial
25
Q

What are the inputs and outputs to the vermis of the spinocerebellum?

A
  • Input: Efferent copy (what berrain sends to muscle), vestibular, auditory input
  • Output: Interpositus and Fastigial Nuclei to rubrospinal tract
26
Q

What are the inputs and outputs to the paravermis of the spinocerebellum?

A
  • Input: Efferent copy (what berrain sends to muscle) and muscle afferent
  • Output: Interpositus Nuclei to rubrospinal tract
27
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the cerebrocerebellum?

A
  • Input: Cerebral cortex relating to motion
  • Output: Dentate nucleus back to cortex
28
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the vestibuloocerebellum?

A
  • Input: Vestibular Apparatus
  • Output: Fastigial nucleus to vestibular nuclei
29
Q

What does the basal ganglia control?

A

Control beginning and end of the movement

30
Q

To produce motion, we must ____ the direct pathway and ____ the indirect pathway

A

Activate

Inactivate

31
Q

What is the direct pathway to initiate movement?

A
  • Step 1: D1 receptors on striatum excited, releasing GABA
  • Step 2: GPi and SNPR is inhibited, reducing GABA release
  • Step 3: VA/VL nuclei of thalamus is no longer inhibited, increasing thalamic activity and releasing EAA
  • Step 4: EAA excites motor cortex –> MOTION
32
Q

What happens to do the indirect pathway when motion is trying to occur

A
  • Step 1: D2 receptors in striatium is inhibited, reducing GABA released
  • Step 2: Globus Pallidus Externus is no longer inhibited, releasing GABA
  • Step 3: Subthalamic nuclei is inactivated, reducing EAA released
  • Step 4: GPi is inhibited with lack of EAA exciting it

Rest of pathway is direct

33
Q

How does the indirect pathway stop motion?

A
  • Step 1: Striatium is excited, releasing GABA.
  • Step 2: Globus Pallidus Externus is inhibited, reducing GABA release.
  • Step 3: Subthalamic nuclei is no longer inhibited, releasing EAA.
  • Step 4: Globus Pallidus Internus is activated, releasing GABA.
  • Step 5: Thalamus is inhibited –> NO MOTION
34
Q

To make motion occur, what is the brain’s action on muscle spindles in the antagonist muscle?

A

Inhibits alpha-motor neurons and gamma-motor neurons

06. Neuro Exam 2 shuffled (26 decks)

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