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Ecology > Lecture 19 - Chapter 23: Terrestrial Biomes > Flashcards

Lecture 19 - Chapter 23: Terrestrial Biomes Flashcards

1
Q

What is biogeography?

A

the study of organisms spatial distribution with the goal of examining how these distribution patterns came to be

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2
Q

What are biomes?

A

large, distinct terrestrial region with similar climate, soils, plants, and animals - regardless of where it occurs in the world

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3
Q

What two factors specifically determine the distribution of biomes?

A

Temperature
Precipitation

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4
Q

What are life forms?

A

Trees, shrubs, and grasses

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5
Q

List the 9 predominant biomes

A
  1. tropical rain forest
  2. tropical savanna
  3. temperate grassland
  4. desert
  5. chaparral
  6. temperate deciduous forest
  7. temperate rain forest
  8. boreal forest
  9. tundra
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6
Q

How do the life forms move?

A

across a moisture gradient

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7
Q

Define deciduous leaves

A
  • die every season
  • an adaptation to survive cold winters or dry seasons - strong presence of strong seasonality
  • can be broadleaf (most common) or needleleaf
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8
Q

Define Evergreen leaves

A
  • retained year round
  • two types of leaves:
    1. broadleaf - found in regions with year-round growing seasons
    2. Needleleaf - found in regions with short growing seasons (higher latitude) & often where soils are nutrient poor
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9
Q

In terms of moisture describe where a tropical rain forest would fall:

A

warm, wet, and no seasonality

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10
Q

In terms of moisture describe where a tropical savanna would fall:

A

warm, wet, dry seasons

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11
Q

In terms of moisture, describe where a desert would fall:

A

Arid (dry) conditions year round

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12
Q

In terms of latitude & moisture, describe where a tropical rain forest would fall:

A

-low latitude (equator) - warm tropics
-wettest at of all 9 biomes
- evergreen broadleaf trees found here

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13
Q

What biomes would fall under mid-latitude, cooler, and seasonal areas ?

A
  1. temperate forest
  2. temperate rainforest
  3. temperate grass land
  4. chaparral
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14
Q

What biomes would fall under high latitude, cold, and short growing season?

A
  1. Boreal forest
  2. tundra
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15
Q

What is the smallest biome?

A

Chaparral - Mediterranean area

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16
Q

List the characteristics of a Tropical Rain Forest

A
  1. tree dominated
  2. hot all year round - 64.4F average
  3. rainy season - at least 60mm(2 inches) rain/month
  4. Fast decomposition
  5. Deep soils
  6. High NPP
  7. High diversity with a complex forest structural complexity
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17
Q

What is NPP?

A
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18
Q

What vegetation is in a tropical rain forest?

A

Trees
vines
palms
orchids
herbs
shrubs
mosses

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19
Q

What animals live in a tropical rain forest?

A

Monkeys, sloths, jaguars, frogs, birds, ocelots

20
Q

List the characteristics of the Tropical Savanna

A
  1. Periodic fires (lightning strikes)
  2. adopted to frequent fires
  3. low rainfall, highly seasonal
  4. nutrient poor-soils
  5. Low NPP
  6. High temperatures 64.4F
21
Q

What vegetation is in a tropical savanna?

A
  1. grasses
  2. trees
  3. shrubs
22
Q

List the animals in a tropical savanna

A
  1. Grazers
  2. zebras
  3. elephants
  4. wildebeest
  5. lions
23
Q

List the characteristics of Temperate Grasslands

A
  1. grass - dominated
  2. hot summers - cold winters
  3. rich soils with lots of organic material
  4. fairly high NPP
  5. Periodic fires (adapted to this)
24
Q

List the vegetation in Temperate grasslands

A
  1. grasses
  2. wildflowers
  3. occasional deciduous shrubs
25
Q

List the animals in a temperate grasslands

A

bison, foxes, prairie dogs, wolves, birds

26
Q

List the characteristics of the Desert

A
  1. Hot and dry but gets cold at night
  2. cool, dry deserts do exist
  3. poor soils, low NPP
  4. sparse plant cover, exposed soils
  5. drought evasion or resistance is critical for survival
27
Q

List the vegetation in the Desert

A
  1. cactus, yucca, sagebrush
  2. trees & shrubs with thick stems and/or deep roots
28
Q

List the animals in the desert

A

snakes, birds,
rodents,
spiders
scorpions

29
Q

List the characteristics of Chaparral (temperature shrublands)

A
  1. Mediterranean climate - mild and moist winter - dry and hot summer
  2. small evergreen - shrubs and trees
  3. thin and not very nutrient soils, low NPP
  4. fires
30
Q

list the vegetation in Chaparral

A

fire and drought adapted trees & shrubs - oaks, pines, sagebrush
sclerophyllous leaves

31
Q

What does sclerophyllous mean?

A

leaves that are adapted to long periods of dryness and heat

32
Q

list the animals of Chaparral

A

mule
deer
coyote, birds, rodents

33
Q

List the characteristics of Temperate deciduous forest

A
  1. mostly deciduous broadleaf trees, some evergreen needleleaf trees
  2. hot summers, cold winters, moderately wet
  3. deep, rich soils, relatively high NPP
  4. fairly complex forest
34
Q

List the vegetation in Temperate deciduous forest

A
  1. deciduous trees like oak, maple, beech
  2. conifers (pine and hemlock)
  3. dense understory - shrubs and herbs
35
Q

List the animals in the Temperate Deciduous Forest

A

deer, bears, foxes, squirrels, insects, amphibians

36
Q

List the characteristics in the Temperate rain forest

A
  1. evergreen, needleleaf trees
  2. high precipitation, dense fog
  3. cool temperature
  4. mild winters
  5. fairly nutrient-rich soils, high NPP
37
Q

list the vegetation in Temperate rain forest

A
  1. mostly coniferous trees like hemlock, cedar, fir, mosses, lichens, and ferns
38
Q

List the animals in temperature rain forest

A

elk, deer, amphibians, owl, reptiles

39
Q

List the characteristics of Boreal Forest

A
  1. evergreen, needleleaf trees dominant
  2. long, cold winters, short summers
  3. fairly dry, permafrost often present
  4. poor soils, slow decomposition (cold), low NPP
  5. Fire is common
40
Q

What is permafrost? and where it is found?

A

A wet active layer
1. Boreal forest
2. Tundra

41
Q

List the vegetation in Boreal forest

A
  1. mostly coniferous trees (pine, fir, spruce)
  2. little understory vegetation (very dark)
  3. fire adapted trees
42
Q

List the animals in Boreal forest

A
  1. bears, moose, caribou, wolves, rabbits, squirrels, owls
43
Q

List the animals in the Tunda

A

weasels
artic foxes
snowshoe fares
polar birds
insects

44
Q

List the vegetation in the tundra

A

mosses, lichens, grasses, sedges, dwarf shrubs

45
Q

List the characteristics in Tundra

A
  1. northern latitudes
  2. no trees
  3. permafrost
  4. little precipitation
  5. short growing season
  6. soils rich in organic matter, wet active layer, low NPP (cold)

Ecology (6 decks)

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