lecture 19: breast and breastfeeding Flashcards
1
Q
What does baby do to a picture of boobs?
A
- stops it being pornographic
- large areola
- human teat is expanded
- important to make sure the whole of the areola is in the mouth → protects the teat
2
Q
What is lesson number 2?
A
- papua new guinea
- only the oldest is fertile because breasts are developed enough (20)
- we have good nutrition in australia therefore earlier onset of puberty
3
Q
What kind of tissue are breasts?
A
- not a mass of glandular tissue → mass of stromal tissue
- lactational power of breast only comes on after all the hormones of pregnancy actually stimulate the alveoli to produce all the hormones of milk
4
Q
What did AP cooper do?
A
- in 1840
- experiment to inject the ducts in the nipple with different coloured dyes
- showed that is made up of a number of completely separate glandular structures
5
Q
How did the breast evolve?
A
- female gorrilla with no male exposure → no mammary development until onset of pregnancy
- only humans that have mammary development from the onset of puberty
- breast has become an organ of sexual attraction
6
Q
What is the male’s view of the female?
A
- no mammary development in gorilla until pregnancy
- chimpanzee have enourmous enlargement of the vulva during heat → swells and regresses over the course of the menstrual cycle, vulva is an organ of sexual attraction, breast doesn’t give you that information
- uniquely amongst primates we use breasts as an organ of sexual attraction
7
Q
How should you breastfeed?
A
- !kung mother and 3 year old child in kalahari desert
8
Q
What is suckling duration?
A
- !kung hunter gatherers - 4 per hour, 2 minutes
- chimpanzees - 4 per hour, 2 minutes
- gorillas - 1 per hour, 2.5 minutes
9
Q
What are birth intervals?
A
- !kung hunter-gatherers - 4.1 years
- chimpanzees - 5.7 years
- gorillas - 3.8 years
- orang utans - 5-7 years
- Breast feeding is nature’s contraception → frequency of suckling keeps births far apart
- if you erode breastfeeding you lose contraception
10
Q
What is the milk ejection reflex?
A
- suckling reflex induces a discharge of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
- suckling causes the discharge of milk
11
Q
What is breast sensitivity?
A
- during late pregnancy insensitive
- at onset of delivery becomes extremely sensitive → necessary for the suckling
12
Q
What is lactational amenorrhoea?
A
- nipple stimulation by sucking infant sends afferent neural stimuli to hypothalamus
- nipple sensitivity to tactile stimuli is markedly enhanced after delivery
- inhibiting the release of GnRH → little or no FSH or LH coming into circulation from the pituitary
- follicular development of ovary suppressed
13
Q
What is the effect of breastfeeding on fertility in the absence of contraceptives?
A
- full breast feeding
- mean birth interval 4.1 years
- !kung hunter gatherers
- mean live births = 4.7
- breastfeeding with early weaning
- mean birth interval 2.0 years
- n. american hutterites
- mean live births = 10.6
- no breast feeding
- mean birth interval 1.3 years
- mrs mcnaught
- live births = 22
14
Q
What are rates of fertility and mortality?
A
15
Q
What is the fecundity per woman in indigenous populations?
A
- in africa breast feeding is most important contraceptive
- americas - modern contraceptives important
16
Q
What was seen in mornington island?
A
- as a result of being denied ability to breast feed, aborignal woman with 6 children by age of 21
- ignorant political position
17
Q
What was seen in twins of a pakistani mother?
A
- fed the boy breast milk and the girl bottled milk → boys more valuable
- girl died because denied the breast - too malnourished
18
Q
What are the death rates among infants born at the end of a short or a long birth interval?
A
- short birth interval had staggeringly high death rates
- long birth interval (more than 2 years) significantly less
- halve the life expectancy of your child
19
Q
What is a disease that occurs in west africa after short birth intervals?
A
- kwashiorkor
- evil eye in the child in the womb on the child already born
- new pregnancy switches off milk supply to older child
- depigmentation of the face
- pot belly
- fat legs
- eventually died
20
Q
What is the entero-mammary circulation?
A
- ingest pathogen
- activate B-cells in peyer’s patches
- migrate to breast, become plasma cells
- secrete IgA into milk
