Lecture 18 Team building

Question 1

Mentoring

Answer 1

1. Distinctive interactive relationship between two individuals, occurring most commonly in a professional setting with the mentor consciously deciding to assist the protégé (or mentee) in attaining expert status and in furthering his or her career development.
2. A formal relationship that lasts 2-5 years; typically the mentor is one generation older.

Question 2

Preceptor

Answer 2

1. An experienced person or colleague who provides knowledge and emotional support, as well as a clarification of role expectations on a one-to-one basis.
2. The relationship is active and personal, with close but nonjudgmental supervision.

Question 3

Role model

Answer 3

1. Someone worthy of imitation.
2. The relationship may be passive or non-existent; instead, the novice observes behaviors that he or she wants to emulate.

Question 4

Training

Answer 4

An organized method of ensuring that people have knowledge and skills for a specific purpose and that they have acquired the necessary knowledge to perform specific duties and activities.

Question 5

Education

Answer 5

More formal and broader in scope than training; whereas training has an immediate use, education is designed to develop individuals in a broader sense.

Question 6

Motivation

Answer 6

1. The force within the individual that influences or directs behavior.
2. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the person, driving him/her to be productive.
3. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside the individual.

Question 7

Motivation to learn

Answer 7

1. If learners are informed in advance about the benefits of learning specific content and adopting new behaviors, they are more likely to be motivated to attend the training sessions and learn.
2. Telling employees why and how specific educational or training programs will benefit them personally is a vital management function in staff development.

Question 8

Readiness to learn

Answer 8

1. Maturational and experiential factors in the learner’s background that influence learning; is not the same as motivation to learn.
2. Maturation means that the learner has received the prerequisites for the next stage of learning. The prerequisites could be behaviors or prior learning.
3. Experiential factors are skills previously acquired that are necessary for the next stage of learning.

Question 9

Social learning theory (Bandura, 1977)

Answer 9

1. The proposition that we learn from our interactions with others in a social context.
2. Most people learn their behavior by direct experience and observation, known as observational learning or modeling.
3. People learn based on the judgments of others, especially when experience is limited.
4. People evaluate the soundness of new information by reasoning through inductive and deductive thought.

Question 10

Learning organizations (LOs)

Answer 10

1. Organizations that subscribe to the concept that collective learning goes beyond the boundaries of individual learning and realizes gains for both the individual and the organization.
2. LOs promote a shared vision and collective learning in order to create positive and needed organizational change.

Question 11

Features of learning organizations

Answer 11

1. Celebration of success.
2. Absence of complacency.
3. Tolerance of mistakes.
4. Belief in human potential.
5. Recognition of knowledge.
6. Environment of openness and trust.
7. Outward-looking.

Question 12

Education and training are two components of _

Answer 12

Staff development.

Question 13

All staff development activities should be evaluated for _

Answer 13

1. Quality control.

2. Fiscal accountability.

Question 14

The education and training of staff is the responsibility of _

Answer 14

1. Management.
2. The education department.
   (Shared responsibility between these two groups.)

Question 15

Adult learning theory (Knowles, 1970)

Answer 15

1. The idea that learning needs change with the onset of adulthood; a person’s self-concept of essential self-direction is the point at which he or she psychologically becomes an adult.
2. Pedagogy = child learning.
3. Andragogy = adult learning.

Question 16

Pedagogy characteristics

Answer 16

1. Learner is dependent and needs external rewards and punishment.
2. Learner’s experiences are inconsequential or limited.
3. Subject-centered.
4. Teacher-directed.
5. Climate is authoritative; competition is encouraged.
6. Teacher sets goals, makes decisions, and evaluates.

Question 17

Andragogy characteristics

Answer 17

1. Learner is self-directed and internally motivated.
2. Learner’s experiences are valued and varied.
3. Task- or problem-centered.
4. Climate is relaxed and informal; collaboration is encouraged.
5. Teacher and class set goals; decisions are made by teacher and students.
6. Teacher, self, and peers evaluate.

Question 18

Under adult learning theory, readiness to learn is greatest when _

Answer 18

There is a need to know.

Question 19

Reinforcement

Answer 19

The act of encouraging, rewarding, and strengthening desired behaviors observed in one person by another (i.e., preceptor).

Question 20

Task learning

Answer 20

The learning of complex tasks is facilitated when tasks are broken into parts, beginning with the simplest and continuing to the most difficult.

Question 21

Transfer of learning

Answer 21

Learning is transferred to the practice setting most effectively when the learner has had adequate practice with a task, and when the training environment is as similar to the actual environment as possible.

Question 22

Span of memory

Answer 22

The ability of the learner to retain information.

Question 23

Chunking

Answer 23

1. When two or more independent items of information are presented and then grouped together into one unit.
2. A learner can typically remember 5 to 9 “chunks”; this increases with experience and expertise.

Question 24

Knowledge of results

Answer 24

1. People learn faster when they are informed of their progress.
2. The knowledge of results must be automatic, immediate, and meaningful to the task at hand.

Question 25

Competence

Answer 25

The ability to meet the requirements of a particular role.

Question 26

Socialization

Answer 26

1. Process by which a person acquires the behaviors that accompany his or her role, which are learned socially and by instruction, observation, and trial and error.
2. One’s first socialization to the nursing role begins in nursing school, and it continues after graduation.

Question 27

Resocialization

Answer 27

The learning of new values, skills, attitudes, and social rules as a result of changes in roles, workplace, responsibilities, etc.

Question 28

Phases of the mentoring process

Answer 28

1. Finding and connecting.
2. Learning and listening.
3. Changing and shifting.
4. Mentoring others.

Question 29

Sanctioning

Answer 29

1. The bestowing of rewards and punishments to show what behaviors are rewarded or not acceptable.
2. Rarely carried out in a systematic and planned basis.

Question 30

Coaching

Answer 30

One person helping the other to reach an optimum level of performance.

Question 31

When socialization is not adequately addressed during role changes, _ may occur.

Answer 31

Role overload.

Question 32

Socialization creates a fit between the employee and the organization by introducing _

Answer 32

The norms of the group.