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ANAT30007 > Lecture 18: Pelvis and Hip > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Pelvis and Hip Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pelvic girdle comprise of?

A

two pelvic bones and sacrum

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2
Q

What are the coronal plane alignments of the pelvic girdle?

A

ASIS and pubic tubercles

left and right ASIS

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3
Q

What are the sagittal plane alignments of the pelvic girdle?

A

inferior coccyx and superior pubic symphysis

ASIS and PIIS

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4
Q

Where is the sacroiliac joint and what types of movements does it permit?

A

at the centre of our body, therefore centre of motion, and permits a very small amount of gliding and rotation

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5
Q

What is nutation?

A

superior sacrum moves anteriorly and inferiorly

ligaments limit the extent of nutation

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6
Q

What is counternutation?

A

occurs following nutation

superior sacrum moves superiorly and posteriorly

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7
Q

What is counternutation?

A

occurs following nutation

superior sacrum moves superiorly and posteriorly

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8
Q

What is the role of sacroiliac ligaments?

A

restrict lateral movement of ilia and anterior movement of sacrum

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9
Q

What is the role of sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?

A

resist nutation by limiting posterior rotation of inferior sacrum during weight bearing

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10
Q

What is the role of the pelvic girdle?

A

helps position the hip joint for effective limb movement

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11
Q

What are the movements of the pelvis?

A

posterior pelvic tilt, anterior pelvic tilt, lateral pelvic tilt and pelvic rotation

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12
Q

What happens during posterior pelvic tilt?

A

ASIS is tilted backward with respect to acetabulum, positions the head of femur in front of the femur to enable ease of flexion

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13
Q

What is the role of anterior pelvic tilt?

A

promotes femoral extension

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14
Q

What is the role of lateral pelvic tilt?

A

facilitates lateral movements of femur

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15
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

synovial multiaxial ball and socket which is able to produce movement in all three planes

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16
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the hip joint?

A

head of femur, acetabulum, acetabular notch and acetabular labrum

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17
Q

Where is the hip joint capsule strongest?

A

anteriorly and superiorly

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18
Q

What does the hip joint capsule attach to?

A

surrounding labrum, acetabulum

and transverse ligament at the notch

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19
Q

What does the synovial membrane of the hip joint capsule line?

A

the capsule, labrum & ligament of head of femur

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20
Q

Which ligaments strengthen the hip joint?

A 
iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments (anteriorly)
ischiofemoral ligament (posteriorly)
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21
Q

What are the bursae of the hip?

A

iliopsoas bursa, sciatic bursa of gluteus maximus, trochanteric bursa of gluteus medius and trochanteric bursa of gluteus maximus

22
Q

What is the angle of inclination?

A

angle between femoral neck and femoral shaft in the coronal plane

23
Q

What is coxa valga?

A

angle of inclination is increased

24
Q

What is coxa vara?

A

angle of inclination is decreased

25
Q

What is the weakest component of the femur?

A

the femoral neck as it has a smaller diameter than the rest of the femur

26
Q

What do hip fractures normally imply?

A

fractures to femoral head, neck or trochanters

27
Q

Which factors improve stability of the hip?

A

articular fit, acetabular labrum, strong joint capsule and many surrounding muscles and their line of pull across the hip joint

28
Q

Which factors improve mobility of the hip?

A

acetabular labrum and ball and socket joint

29
Q

Why is hip joint ROM small compared to shoulder?

A

to increase stability (due to its large weight bearing function)

30
Q

What is an example of a two joint muscle in the lower limb and when it is active? What does this muscle act with?

A

rectus femoris
active during hip flexion and knee extension
acts with iliopsoas at hip

31
Q

When does rectus femoris function more effectively as a hip flexor?

A

when knee is flexed e.g. kicking a ball

32
Q

What happens when sarcomere length is either too short or too long?

A

the overlap is no longer active and a progressive decrease in force is observed

33
Q

What is passive insufficiency?

A

two-joint muscle is lengthened to its maximum passive length at both joints, but is insufficient to allow full ROM at both joints simultaneously

34
Q

What is active insufficiency?

A

two-joint muscle is shortened to its maximum length at both joints, but is insufficient to produce full ROM at both joints simultaneously

35
Q

What type of muscle is gluteus maximus?

A

a massive, powerful hip extensor when the hip is flexed

36
Q

What type of muscles are the hamstrings?

A

two joint muscles (not short head) that contribute to both hip extension and knee flexion

37
Q

When are the hamstrings active?

A

during standing, running, normal locomotion, forward bending and lifting

38
Q

What type of muscle is gluteus medius?

A

the major hip adductor, with gluteus minimus and TFL assisting

39
Q

What is contraction of the hip abductors required for?

A

stabilising the pelvis during the swing phase of gait to prevent the swinging foot from dragging

40
Q

What is the role of muscles that adduct the hip?

A

active during the gait cycle and pull the supporting leg into adduction, hence moving the
line of gravity over the supporting foot

41
Q

What are the major medial rotators of the femur?

A

the gluteus minimus and medius, with assistance from the tensor fasciae latae, semitendinosus & semimembranosus

42
Q

Why does lateral and medial rotation of the femur occur during the gait cycle?

A

to accommodate rotation of the pelvis

43
Q

What does a forward bending motion involve?

A

lumbar flexion with hip flexion and anterior pelvic tilt

44
Q

What is the prime mover of a forward bending motion?

A

initially eccentric contraction of erector spinae, semispinalis, multifidus
towards the end of full trunk flexion, concentric contraction of rectus abdominis, IO & EO & passive posterior ligamentous support

45
Q

What are the synergists of a forward bending motion?

A

left and right obliques cancel out unwanted rotation to permit only flexion

46
Q

What are the stabilisers of a forward bending motion?

A

segmental stabilisers i.e. multifidus, rotatores

47
Q

What does anterior pelvic tilt facilitate? What does posterior pelvic tilt facilitate?

A

hip flexion and promotes lumbar flexion

hip extension and promotes lumbar extension

48
Q

What are the concentric and eccentric muscles of anterior pelvic tilt?

A

concentric: erector spinae, hip flexors
eccentric: abdominal muscles, hip extensors

49
Q

What are the concentric and eccentric muscles of posterior pelvic tilt?

A

concentric: abdominal muscles, hip extensors
eccentric: erector spinae, hip flexors

50
Q

What are pelvic movements in the coronal plane?

A

pelvic drop and pelvic lift

51
Q

What are pelvic movements in the horizontal plane?

A

pelvic rotation to the right and pelvic rotation to the left

ANAT30007 (15 decks)

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