Lecture 1: Nervous System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are simple pattern reflexes?

A

automated, unlearned, and predictable reflexes which involve spinal cord circuits only (do NOT require cortical input)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are complex postural (reflex movements) adjustments?

A

are not predictable reflexes, instead they are flexible and goal-oriented reflexes -> mostly coordinate their action with voluntary movements, hence require cortical input (spinal cord and supraspinal centres)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do voluntary movements involve?

A

involve spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex (more CNS areas involved)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the hierarchy of motor neurons?

A

upper motor neurons -> lower motor neurons

motor cortex / brainstem -> spinal cord -> skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some examples of upper motor neurons?

A

cortical motoneurons of the motor cortex (pyramidal tract)

motor neurons of brainstem nuclei (red nucleus, tectum, reticular formation, and vestibular nuclei)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some examples of lower motor neurons?

A

alpha and gamma motor neurons of the spinal anterior horn

motor neurons of cranial nerves in the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do upper motor neurons always remain?

A

within the CNS, their axons do not depart to the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are cell bodies and axons of lower motor neurons located?

A

cell bodies are located in the CNS but their axons project out into the PNS to target the skeletal muscles that they innervate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

a group of muscle fibers which is innervated by a motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the size of motor units in muscles used for precise contraction?

A

small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the size of motor units in power-generating muscles, which do not necessarily need precise contraction?

A

large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

a synapse or junction between an axon terminal of a motor neuron and muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are nerves?

A

collections of thousands of individual axons within a common external connective tissue sheath (epineurium) -> in the periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the fascicles into which nerve axons are sub-grouped?

A

the epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium -> all surrounded by a perineurial sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many nerves are there for each part of the spine?

A

cervical: 8 pairs
thoracic: 12 pairs
lumbar: 5 pairs
sacral: 5 pairs
coccygeal: 1 pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two different types of peripheral nerve axons?

A

efferent nerve axons which carry motor signals from the CNS and afferent nerve axons which carry sensory signals to the CNS

17
Q

Where are efferent and afferent axons segregated? How do sensory and motor axons join the CNS?

A

at the point just before they contact the CNS (spinal cord or brainstem)
sensory axons join the CNS via a dorsal root and motor axons join the CNS at a ventral root

18
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve

19
Q

What is a myotome?

A

the group of muscles that a single spinal nerve innervates

20
Q

What can a peripheral nerve be often comprised of?

A

multiple spinal nerves, i.e. several spinal segments contribute axons to a single peripheral nerve (nerve plexus)

21
Q

What are some examples of nerve plexuses?

A
cervical plexus (head, neck, diaphragm)
brachial plexus (upper limbs)
lumbosacral plexus which is made up of the lumbar and sacral plexus (lower limbs)
22
Q

Which nerves are found in the brachial plexus?

A

musculocutaneous (lateral)
median (lateral/medial)
ulnar (medial)
radial and axillary (posterior)

23
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

an effector system in the CNS and PNS mediating unconscious homeostatic control of organ and body physiology

24
Q

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system? Specify the type of outflow of each of these divisions.

A

sympathetic (thoracolumbar outflow) and parasympathetic (craniosacral outflow)

25
Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic?
oculomotor nerve: narrows pupils and focuses lens facial nerve: tear, nasal and salivary glands glossopharyngeal nerve: parotid salivary gland vagus nerve: viscera as far as proximal half of colon cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexus
26
What is the purpose of ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) rami?
allows for innervation of tissues on the front of our body and the back of our body
27
What are rami?
branches of spinal nerves
28
What is the equivalent of upper and lower motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system as opposed to the somatic nervous system?
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
29
Are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons closer to the spinal cord or the periphery?
closer to the periphery
30
Are sympathetic postganglionic neurons closer to the spinal cord or the periphery?
closer to the spinal cord