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Psych 367 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the physical definition of sound?

A

pressure changes in the air or other medium

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2
Q

What is the perceptual definition of sound

A

the experience we have when we hear

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3
Q

What is condensation?

A

The diaphragm of the speaker
moves out, pushing air molecules
together

  • aka compression
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4
Q

What is rarefaction?

A

The diaphragm also moves in, pulling the air molecules apart called rarefaction (expansion)

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5
Q

What are pure tones?

A

tones which create
changes in air pressure that can be
described by a single sine wave (a
mathematical concept)

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6
Q

What is frequency?

A

number of
cycles within a given time
period
* Measured in Hertz (Hz): 1 Hz
is one cycle/second
* Perception of pitch is
related to frequency

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7
Q

What is tone height?

A

the increase
in pitch that happens when
frequency is increased

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8
Q

What is amplitude?

A

Difference in pressure between high and low peaks of a wave

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9
Q

What does the decibel scale measure?

A

Loudness

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10
Q

What are periodic tones?

A

tones in which the
waveform repeats

  • includes pure and some complex tones
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11
Q

Describe periodic complex tones

A

Periodic complex tones consist of a number of pure tones called harmonics

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12
Q

What is fundamental frequency?

A

the repetition rate and is also referred to as the
first harmonic

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13
Q

What is higher harmonics?

A

multiples of the fundamental frequency

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14
Q

What are frequency spectras?

A

They plot the
harmonics of a complex sound

e.g. Complex periodic sound w/ ff of 200 Hz

1st harmonic (fundamental) = 200 Hz

2nd = 400 Hz

and so on

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15
Q

Describe the audibility curve

A

The audibility curve shows the threshold of hearing in relation to frequency

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16
Q

Describe the auditory response area

A

The auditory response
area falls between the
audibility curve and
the threshold for
feeling (point at which
sounds we can ‘feel’
sounds, where they
can cause pain)

  • It shows the range of
    response for human
    audition
17
Q

Describe equal loudness curves

A

They can
be determined by using a
standard 1,000 Hz tone
(using two dB levels: 40 and
80)

18
Q

What is pitch?

A

perceptual quality we describe as high and low

19
Q

What is timbre?

A

: all other perceptual aspects of a sound besides loudness, pitch, and
duration

20
Q

What is the effect of missing fundamental frequency

A

removal of the first harmonic
results in a sound with the same perceived pitch, but with a different timbre

21
Q

What is the attack of tones?

A

buildup of sound at the beginning of a tone

22
Q

What is the decay of tones

A

decrease in sound at end of tone

23
Q

What is the pinna?

A
  • sticks out of side of head
  • Helps with sound location
24
Q

What is the auditory canal?

A

tube-like 3 cm long structure
* Protects the tympanic membrane (the eardrum) at the end
of the canal

25
Q

What is resonance?

A

Resonance occurs when sound waves that are reflected
back from the tympanic membrane interact with sound
waves entering the canal, which can reinforce (increase the
intensity of) certain frequencies

26
Q

What is resonant frequency?

A

The frequency that is most reinforced

between 1000 and 5000 Hz

27
Q

Wha is the middle ear?

A

a two cubic centimetre
cavity separating the inner from outer ear

  • contains three ossicles (smallest bones in the body)
28
Q

Describe the malleus

A

moves due to the vibration
of the tympanic membrane (ear drum)

29
Q

Describe the incus

A

transmits vibrations of the
malleus

30
Q

Describe the stapes

A

transmits vibrations of the
incus to the inner ear (via the oval window of
the cochlea)

31
Q

Describe the cochlea

A

the main structure of the inner ear, and the location at
which transduction of pressure waves occurs

32
Q

What is the cochlear partition?

A

Divides the cochlea into the Scala vestibula (upper half) and Scala tympani (lower half)

33
Q

Describe the organ of corti

A

The organ of Corti is located within the cochlear partition and contains
inner and outer hair cells, which are the receptors for hearing

34
Q

What does the basilar membrane do?

A

vibrates in response to sound and supports the organ of
Corti

35
Q

What is the tectorial membrane’s function?

A

extends over the hair cells

36
Q

Describe transduction in the inner ear?

A

The ‘back and forth’ motion of the oval window
transmits vibrations to the liquid inside the cochlea:

  • Puts the basilar membrane into an ‘up-and-down’
    motion (see the blue arrow in the diagram above)
  • Puts the tectorial membrane into a ‘back and forth’
    motion (see the red arrow in the diagram above)

Psych 367 (24 decks)

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