Lecture 17

Question 1

what was the highest cause of death in 2017 globablly

Answer 1

• cardiovascular diseases

Question 2

what was the highest cause of death in women in 2016, Australia

Answer 2

-Dementia and Alzheimers

Question 3

what was the highest cause of death in males in 2016, Australia

Answer 3

• coronary heart disease

Question 4

what causes lifestyle dieases (disease affluence)

Answer 4

• smoking
• poor diet
• alcohol
• sedentary lifestyle

Question 5

what did the WHO report?

Answer 5

• diabetes, heart disease, lung disease and cancer now cause more deaths worldwide than all deaths combined
• 34.5m people die from NCDS out of 52.8 million

Question 6

what are the Public Health Measures to Reduce Smoking in Australia

Answer 6

• education/public health
• campaigns
• ban on advertising
• workplace bans
• bar/restaurant bans
• heavy taxation
• Australian rates ~13% (50% will die from it)
• Chinese rates - 53% men (2.4% women, 2010)

Question 7

what has plain packaging done for smoking?

Answer 7

• all branding removed from dec 2012

- smoking decreased to 12.8%

Question 8

why is obesity growing since the 1970s?

Answer 8

• food is cheaper, available
• 24/7 & packaged to go
  manipulated (↑sugar/fat
  + ↓fibre/protein)
• advertising (targets kids)
• standard portion size ↑↑

Question 9

how has availability of calories increased ?

Answer 9

• by late 1990s people have had access to 450 more calories worldwide on average than in 1960

Question 10

obesity in australia how many people have it (%)?

Answer 10

healthy : 36.6%

overweight: 63.4%
- Obesity rate has increased by 27% in last 10 years
- > 4 million Australians are obese today

Question 11

how is obesity associated with icreased mortality ?

Answer 11

• increased mortality in obesity due to CVD and stroke

- effects of smoking increase mortality risks

Question 12

what is the obesity paradox?

Answer 12

• Abdominal/central obesity appears to be more dangerous

for cardiovascular disease - visceral fat

Question 13

what is visceral fat ?

Answer 13

surrounds the internal organs

• altered blood lipids
• altered blood glucose metabolism

Question 14

what is metabolic syndrome?

Answer 14

• obesity + insulin resistance = metabolic syndrome

- affects 20-30% of aus adults

Question 15

how is metabolic syndrome diagnosed?

Answer 15

1. visceral obesity
2. ↑ fasting glucose
3. ↑ triglycerides
4. ↓ HDL-cholesterol
5. ↑ blood pressure

Question 16

what is the first treatments for metabolic syndrome?

Answer 16

1. Treat the underlying visceral obesity:
   - Lifestyle changes!
   - dietary changes
   - weight loss
   - exercise
   Appetite suppressant drugs - GLP1, others
   - Bariatric surgery? - currently the only treatment for morbid obesity with consistent success rates
   3- prevention

Question 17

what are the three different types of bariatric obesity surgery?

Answer 17

1- adjustable gastric band (lap band)
2- vertical sleeve gastrectomy
3- gastric bypass

Question 18

what is the second treatments for metabolic syndrome?

Answer 18

treat associated conditions

• hypertension - antihypertensives
• ↑ triglycerides/↓ HDL - statins
• T2DM - hypoglycaemic drugs

Question 19

how to prevent metabolic syndrome in the population ?

Answer 19

Prevention:

• sugar tax
• advertising
• built environment
• fresh fruit subsidies