Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO1090 Final Exam Review > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Signal Transduction Stages

A

1) binding ligand to receptor
2) signal transduction vis 2nd messengers like cAMP, calcium or G-protein
3) cellular response
- cellular growth, cell division, store glucose molecules as glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does epinephrine bind to?

A

liver cell receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ECM components**

A
  • produced by cells assembled into a network

- major components are proteins like glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do double-layered folds: cristae do?

A

-increase membrane surface area and contain machinery for aerobic restoration and ATP formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Functions

A
  1. cell adherence
  2. communication between cells
  3. cell shape, mechanical support, structural integrity
  4. serves as barrier, filters out some particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Process of epinephrine becoming glycogen

A
  • active receptor will recruit g-protein and allow binding of GTP to turn on
  • front bottom section of G-protein dissociates and turns ON enzymes called adenyl cyclase which cause cAMP accumulation inside cells
  • at the end, phosphorylase- P is an enzyme that releases glucose units
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are multicellular organisms?

A

composed of tissues and organs consisting of communities of cells to work together to perform functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do cells of bacteria, plants and fungi have?

A

Walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A
  • uses chemical NRG stored in molecules like carbohydrates and lipids to produce ATP
  • involves a series of catabolic reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A
  • building carbohydrates using sunlight and CO2 NRG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • oxidative phosphorylation is stage 4 in animal cell cellular respiration
  • divided into 2 steps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the point of glycogenolysis?

A
  • how epinephrine activates conversion of glycogen stored in liver to glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are porins?

A
  • large channels permeable to many molecules when opened
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is phospholipid cardiolipin?

A
  • characteristic of bacterial membranes and needed for optimal function of many enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A
  • hydrolysis reaction releases enough NRG to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A
  • high protein-lipid ratio
  • double-layered folds: cristae
  • rich in phospholipid cardiolipin
17
Q

What is symbiosis?

A
  • living together through close and long term biological interaction
18
Q

When coenzymes act as electron carriers how do they exist?

A

1) Oxidation- accepts e-

2) Reduced- donates e- when going back to oxidized states

19
Q

What type of respiration does mitochondria use?

A

aerobic

20
Q

What are the steps of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

step 1) complexes I-IV: generate an electrochemical gradient
- e- transport through complexes
- higher NRG e- pass from coenzymes in the matrix to e- carriers in IMM
- series of intermediate e- carriers
- NRG transfer at each complex used to pump H+ from matrix into intermembrane space
- ultimately, lower NRG e- transferred to terminal e- acceptor resulting in H2O production
step 2) ATP synthesis: proton movement down electrochemical gradient to power ATP synthesis

21
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • chemical NRG of organic molecules transferred first to electron carriers to create electrochemical gradient that powers ATP synthesis
22
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms
  • holds that organelles distinguishing eukaryote cells evolved through SYMBIOSIS single-celled prokaryotes
23
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A
  • converting the presence of O2 NRG stored in food molecules into chemical NRG stored in ATP
  • produces CO2 as by-product
24
Q

What is the high protein-lipid ratio?

A

3:1

25
Q

Where is epinephrine made?

A

adrenal glands

26
Q

What are the 2 aqueous compartments of mitochondria?

A
  1. inter membrane space

2. matrix

27
Q

What is the matrix?

A
  • high protein content, gel-like consistency space w/ ribosome and DNA
28
Q

What is the outer mitochondrial membrane?

A
  • contains enzymes w/ diverse metabolic functions

- has porins

29
Q

Plant cell walls

A
  • ECM walls
  • composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and proteins
  • provide structural support to cell and organism
  • protect cells from mechanical damage and pathogen attacks
30
Q

What are 3 lines of evidence supporting the endosymbiont theory?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts….

  1. have double membranes
  2. have prokaryotic-type ribosomes
  3. Have their own genomes (circular)
31
Q

What is Ligand-receptor interaction the first step in?

A

transducing signals from outside the cell to the inside

BIO1090 Final Exam Review (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions