Lecture 16: Neurodevelopment and Pediatric Disorders of Language

Question 1

by 2 years old : brain weight triples :: by 10 years old : brain achieves ___ % ultimate weight

Answer 1

95%

Question 2

name of the study of how the brain processes linguistic information, specifically the manner and location of processing

Answer 2

neurolinguistics

Question 3

what is responsible for regulation - energy / arousal state of the brainstem and cerebral cortex; alertness

Answer 3

reticular formation

Question 4

what is responsible for processing - analyzing, understanding, memorizing info

Answer 4

posterior cortex

Question 5

what is responsible for formulation - forming-executing ideas and plans

Answer 5

frontal lobe

Question 6

brain growth is measured by ___

Answer 6

development of synaptic connections and myelination

Question 7

in what order does myelination occur (in terms of gyri and cortexes)

Answer 7

first, pre central gyrus; next, post central gyrus; then, primary visual cortex; last, primary auditory cortex

Question 8

what part of the brain continues developing into the school age years

Answer 8

language association areas

Question 9

after the primary sensory and motor regions undergo myelination, the ___ areas undergo myelination

Answer 9

cortical association areas

Question 10

myelination of ___ allows for rapid transmission of neural information

Answer 10

axons

Question 11

a lack of myelin maturation in which two areas is attributed to causing developmental language delays

Answer 11

language association pathways and language centers

Question 12

the reorganization of the nervous system that takes place when damage occurs before the language centers mature (before adulthood) consists of ___

Answer 12

a shift of language dominance to the right (i.e. grater participation of the right hemisphere)

Question 13

due to ___ , children who sustain an injury to the language regions of the cerebral cortex experience greater recovery than adults with similar degree and type of damage

Answer 13

cerebral plasticity

Question 14

name of the period of time where substantial neuroplastic changes are possible

Answer 14

critical period

Question 15

true or false: different portions of the cortex have the same critical periods

Answer 15

false, they all have different critical periods

Question 16

true or false: when damage occurs very early, a child may experience complex language skills later in life even if they have made a full recovery during childhood

Answer 16

true

Question 17

___ differences suggest that for most, the ___ hemisphere is genetically predisposed to support language function

Answer 17

structural; left

Question 18

right-handers : left hemisphere dominant :: left-handers : ___

Answer 18

right hemisphere dominant

Question 19

___ hemisphere activation tends to be increased in bilinguals

Answer 19

right, due to reliance on pragmatics

Question 20

true or false: the causes of acquired aphasia for children are similar to those for adults, including characteristics and lesion locations

Answer 20

true

Question 21

what syndrome is characterized by lesions in the left or bilateral temporal lobes, expressive and receptive aphasia, and has a relatively unknown cause

Answer 21

landau-kleffner syndrome (i.e. epilepsy induced aphasia)

Question 22

what is characterized by heterogenous presentation, decreased cortical and subcortical blood flow, and abnormalities in the classic perisylvian language regions

Answer 22

specific language impairment (SLI)

Question 23

what is characterized by impaired motor control, mild choreiform or athetoid movements, and lesions in the basal ganglia and frontal lobes; signs are “soft”

Answer 23

attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 24

what is characterized by delay or arrest maturation (myelination) of the brain; has many causes

Answer 24

mental retardation

Question 25

what is characterized by abnormalities in regions of the brain involved with reading: left inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, middle temporal cortex, central temporal cortex

Answer 25

dyslexia

Question 26

*know that the course of speech and language is a correlate of ___

Answer 26

cerebral maturation

Question 27

*know that an index of neurologic development is the change in ___

Answer 27

gross brain weight (with age)

Question 28

*know that brain weight triples in the first ___ (time)

Answer 28

24 months or 2 years

Question 29

*know that the brain is 95% of its ultimate weight by ___ years of age

Answer 29

10

Question 30

*know that most brain growth after birth is the result of ___

Answer 30

developing synaptic connections and myelination

Question 31

*know that myelination occurs first in ___ , followed by ___

Answer 31

primary cortex; association cortex

Question 32

*know that ___ of axons allows for rapid transmission of neural transmission

Answer 32

myelination

Question 33

*know that a lack of myelin maturation has been described as a cause of ___

Answer 33

developmental language delays

Question 34

*know that children with acute brain damage often have greater degrees of recovery than adults with similar type of damage due to ___

Answer 34

greater cerebral plasticity

Question 35

*know that very young children may switch language dominance to ___

Answer 35

the right hemisphere

Question 36

*know that there are structural differences between the left and right hemispheres which has been used to explain ___

Answer 36

why language develops in the left hemisphere for most individuals

Question 37

*know that in ___ , there is a greater overlap of neural representation for language between L1 and L2 the earlier L2 is learned

Answer 37

bilinguals

Question 38

*true or false: there is similar correlation between language impairments and lesion site in children as in adults

Answer 38

true

Question 39

*know that neuroimaging studies suggest involvement of the frontal lobes and basal ganglia in ___

Answer 39

children with ADHD