Lecture 7 & 8

Question 1

the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts make up the ___ system and are responsible for the execution of ___ movements

Answer 1

pyramidal, voluntary

Question 2

name of the tract that originates in the cortex and descends toward lower motor neurons of the spinal cord; innervates muscles of the limbs

Answer 2

corticospinal

Question 3

name of the tract that originates in the cortex and descends toward lower motor neurons of the brainstem; innervates muscles of the head and neck including those involving speech and swallowing - except muscles of respiration

Answer 3

corticobulbar

Question 4

corticospinal : decussates at ___ :: corticobulbar : decussates at the level of the cranial nerve to be innervated

Answer 4

the pyramids of lower medulla

Question 5

choose: if the corticospinal pathway is damaged above the level of the crossing over in the lower medulla, you will see paresis / paralysis on the ( contralateral / ipsilateral ) side

Answer 5

contralateral

Question 6

choose: if the corticospinal pathway is damaged below the level of the crossing over in the lower medulla, you will see paresis / paralysis on the ( contralateral / ipsilateral ) side

Answer 6

ipsilateral, because the pathways have already crossed over

Question 7

name of the system composed of two subsystems, including: the indirect activation pathway and control circuits (basal ganglia, cerebellum)

Answer 7

extrapyramidal system

Question 8

name of the two-stage pathway that begins in the cortex, synapses on select nuclei in the brainstem, and then synapse on the cranial nerve nuclei (i.e. the lower motor neurons)

Answer 8

indirect activation pathway

Question 9

name of the first stage pathway (of the indirect activation pathways) that begins in the motor, premotor, and sensory cortex and terminates in the reticular formation of the brainstem

Answer 9

corticoreticular

Question 10

name of the first stage pathway (of the indirect activation pathways) that begins in the cortex and terminates in the red nucleus of the midbrain

Answer 10

corticorublar

Question 11

choose: the ( first / second ) stage pathways (of the indirect activation pathways) run from the reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, and red nucleus to the cranial nerve nuclei

Answer 11

second

Question 12

true or false: the control circuits of the basal ganglia and cerebellum directly synapse on the lower motor neurons

Answer 12

false, the control circuits of the basal ganglia and cerebellum DO NOT directly synapse on the lower motor neurons

Question 13

name of the group of subcortical nuclei involved in motor and cognitive behaviors, whose main nuclei include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and globus pallidus

Answer 13

basal ganglia

Question 14

the function of the basal ganglia includes: motor and cognitive function, dampening cortical discharges and initiating ___

Answer 14

movement

Question 15

damage to the basal ganglia may result in reduced movement or excess ___ movement

Answer 15

involuntary

Question 16

this lobular structure has significantly more afferent pathways than efferent pathways

Answer 16

cerebellum

Question 17

the main function of the cerebellum is coordination of different muscle groups and ___; it also plays a role in motor programming, maintenance of muscle tone, and motor learning

Answer 17

balance

Question 18

the cerebellum helps to coordinate motor activity using feedforward and sensory feedback systems, which compares the ___ copy and actual sensory feedback to make error corrections as necessary

Answer 18

efference

Question 19

the pyramidal system is made up of ___ and ___ tracts

Answer 19

corticospinal; corticobulbar

Question 20

corticospinal : decussates at the pyramids of lower medulla :: corticobulbar : decussates at ___

Answer 20

the level of the cranial nerve to be innervated